{"elementGlobalId":101273,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>","scientificName":"Gymnogyps californianus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Shaw, 1797)","primaryCommonName":"California Condor","relatedItisNames":"<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i> (Shaw, 1797) (TSN 175274)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273","elcode":"ABNKA03010","conceptRefFullCitation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>","taxonomicComments":"This species was transferred to Ciconiiformes (AOU 1998) but subsequently was tentatively returned to the order Falconiformes after re-evaluation of the reasons for the earlier change. Further, some genetic studies (Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain and Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006) indicate that New World vultures are not closely related to storks, although their precise phylogenetic relationship to the Falconiformes is yet undetermined (AOU 2007).","roundedGRank":"G1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2022-07-21","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings; rev. B. Young (2022)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":1226317,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"NX","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":1226318,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1226318,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"NX","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1226317,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":163187,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":323736,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":323736,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":309415,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX,S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX,S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":309415,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":390444,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":390444,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394619,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394619,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":731515,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SX","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SX","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":731515,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"N1","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163187,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:35:50.203933Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101273/Gymnogyps_californianus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2000-11-01","grankReviewDate":"2022-07-21","grankReasons":"Historically widespread in California, Oregon, Arizona, and Mexico, declined to extirpation in the wild by the 1980s; captive breeding increased the number of individuals and allowed releases; reintroduction efforts are in progress in California, Arizona, and Baja California, with limited breeding and fledging success; reestablishment of self-sustaining wild breeding populations is uncertain, in part because of environmental perils such as lead poisoning and trash ingestion that are difficult to manage.","grank":"G1","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101273,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":1,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None (zero)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Ninguno (Cero)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Aucun (Zéro)"},"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":1,"popSizeDescEn":"1 - 50 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 1 a 50 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 1 à 50 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":41,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable to increase of <25%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable a un aumento de <25%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable à augmentation de <25 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":1,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"California condors were widely distributed in North America during the late Pleistocene era (approximately 50,000-10,000 years before present), with records from Oregon, California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida, New York, and Mexico. At the time of the arrival of Russian and Euro-American explorers, condors occurred only in western North America from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico, and inland to the Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountain ranges, with occasional observations farther east. California condors were observed in the Pacific Northwest until the early 1900s, and in Baja California until the 1930s. Source: USFWS (2013, which see for original literature citations).<br/><br/>By about 1950, the species was restricted to southern California prior to extirpation from wild in 1987, when the last remaining wild condors were removed from the wild for captive breeding. Reintroductions in California, northern Arizona, and the Sierra San Pedro Martir in northern Baja California have led to very limited renewed nesting in each area. Some of the birds released in northern Arizona range into southern Utah and rarely as far north as southern Wyoming and Colorado.<br/><br/>Range extent (extent of occurrence) is roughly based on the regularly used nesting and foraging areas as of 2012 (see map in USFWS 2013).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The only extant occurrences are the few areas where the species has been reintroduced in California, Arizona, and Baja California.","popSizeComments":"As of the end of December 2012, the population consisted of 404 individuals, of which 235 were free-flying wild birds distributed among the five release sites in California, Arizona, and northern Baja California; of the wild birds, 129 were in California, 78 in Arizona, and 28 in Baja California (USFWS 2013). Only a small number of the wild birds are active breeders (12 active breeding pairs in California, 6 in Arizona) (USFWS 2013).","viabilityComments":"Currently, none of the reintroduced populations can be regarded as having good viability in the absence of ongoing releases of captive-reared condors and intensive management.","threatImpactComments":"Decline in wild population prior to 1987 was due to lead and cyanide poisoning (lead poisoning from ingestion of bullets in hunter-killed carcasses); shooting; removal from wild of eggs, young, and adults for captive breeding; and unknown causes. <br/><br/>Recovery of the California condor is constrained by the current anthropogenic causes of mortality, primarily lead contamination from prey shot with lead ammunition (Finkelstein et al. 2012, Rideout et al. 2012). Further, reproductive success has been hampered by the presence of microtrash in the environment and the effects of DDT/DDE in coastal populations, and exposure to lead in breeding adults may cause nest failure (USFWS 2013).<br/><br/>A large proportion of reintroduced condors and condor nestling have died from anthropogenic causes (e.g., collisions with power lines, ingestion of toxins). As of 2012, mortality from lead poisoning continued to be a significant threat. In California, chick mortality resulting from ingestion of anthropogenic material (trash) is a serious concern. In fact, Mee et al. (2007) concluded that junk ingestion has been the primary cause of nest failure in the reintroduced condor population and threatens the reestablishment of a viable breeding population in southern California.","shortTermTrendComments":"The total population increased from 22 in 1982 to around 404 in 2012. As of December 2017, there were 486 individuals, with 293 occurring in three heavily managed subpopulations in the wild (the remainder are in captivity; USFWS 2019). The short-term trend is of a slow increase that is heavily dependent on release of captive-reared individuals and intensive management.","longTermTrendComments":"Over the long term, the species has declined greatly in range extent, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size.<br/><br/>Apparently the species was rare and declining even in the late 1800s. The population declined greatly between the late 1960s and early 1980s, though count data for that period are problematic. Population reached a low of 22 in 1982, when captures began to establish a captive breeding program. No individuals remained in the wild by the late 1980s. Since then the number of wild birds has increased to 235 (December 2012).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Protected areas in Arizona include Vermilion Cliffs National Monument and Grand Canyon National Park. Two sanctuaries in California are dedicated to this bird: Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary in the San Rafael Wilderness and the Sespe Condor Sanctuary in the Los Padres National Forest.","protectionNeeds":"Lead hazard needs to be reduced if the probability of successful reintroduction is to be maximized (Pattee et al. 1990). In 2008, a new regulation went into effect in California requiring hunters to use only non-lead ammunition when hunting big game or coyotes in the endangered California condor's habitat.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Low breeding rate and slow maturation.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101273,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"May forage 56 kilometers or more from roost or nest site (Koford 1953).<br><br>Sometimes ranges over 200 km in a single day (Meretsky and Snyder 1992).<br><br>Breeding pairs tend to forage most frequently within 70 km of nest, occasionally as far away as 180 km; nonbreeders forage more widely (Meretsky and Snyder 1992).","foodHabitsComments":"Carrion; feeds primarily on a variety of small, medium and large mammal carcasses, including those of weasels, kangaroo rats, sheep, cattle, deer, ground squirrels, horses, coyotes, rabbits, etc. (Collins et al. 2000; Terres 1980). Apparently very few birds and reptiles are scavenged (Collins et al. 2000). May eat 1-1.3 kg of meat/day (Terres 1980). Prefers fresh meat. Feeds on ground. Requires fairly open terrain for feeding (to facilitate take-offs and landings). Regularly locates food by presence of eagles and ravens (Matthews and Moseley 1990).","animalPhenologyComments":"Often leaves roost 3-5 hours after sunrise, commonly returns to roost 2-5 hours before sunset; may not fly at all on foggy or rainy days. (Palmer 1988).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":119,"width":null,"weight":10104,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101350,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102585,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1466,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Foraging area, Nest site, Roost site","inferredExtentDistance":20.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"A conservative figure (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of breeding (including historical); and potential recurring breeding at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs with occupied nests in appropriate habitat. Occurrence includes not only the nest sites, but also the surrounding areas used for feeding during the nesting season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Each of the reintroduction areas should be treated as a single, separate occurrence.","separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2004-09-09","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:57.306407Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101273,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Continued releases and intensive management will be required to sustain and grow the populations into the future until the leading cause of mortality, lead contamination, is resolved in all three of the wild populations (Finkelstein et al. 2012).<br><br>Needed conservation actions include: development of effective responses to environmental contaminants, including lead, DDT/DDE, and microtrash; planning for additional release sites if found feasible and desirable; managing program growth and recordkeeping that results from the continued captive breeding, release, and management of condors in the wild; developing consistent and structured health, veterinary, and animal management protocols and standards (USFWS 2013).<br><br>A better understanding of habitat loss and the development of models to evaluate habitat needs for a future self-sufficient population will be important to the long-range independence of the population (USFWS 2013). Integral to understanding the habitat needs will be a better, more thorough, species-specific evaluation of the potential impacts of climate change (USFWS 2013).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102824,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:18:35.080991Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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