{"elementGlobalId":101261,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ambystoma mabeei</i>","scientificName":"Ambystoma mabeei","scientificNameAuthor":"Bishop, 1928","primaryCommonName":"Mabee's Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ambystoma mabeei</i> Bishop, 1928 (TSN 173600)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101261","elcode":"AAAAA01070","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Ambystoma mabeei</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-05-19","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2001); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167109,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":330289,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":330289,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394354,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394354,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":367807,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":367807,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167109,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:35:48.748912Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101261/Ambystoma_mabeei","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-05-19","grankReviewDate":"2025-05-19","grankReasons":"This species is found in three southeastern states. Many breeding sites have been lost as a result of draining of wetlands and conversion of forest into cropland.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101261,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":12,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to very many (4 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (4 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 4 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the eastern United States. It is found in lower elevations of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas and Virginia (Conant and Colins 1991). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 38,472 km² (RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":85,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"26-125","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 26 a 125","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 26 à 125","bioticsKey":32},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"This species is found in widely disjunct areas. It is found in eastern South Carolina around the Francis Marion National Forest, southern North Carolina southeastern Virginia, Using GBIF (2025) records from 2000-2025, area of occupancy is estimated to be 252 km², or 63 grid cells (RARECAT 2025).","numberEosComments":"Applying a 3 km separation distance to GBIF (2025) records from 2000-2025, 40 occurrences are estimated (RARECAT 2025).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely is at least 10,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"One study projected that the warming climate will make 99% of this species' habitat unsuitable by 2050 (Sutton et al. 2015). Other threats include drainage of breeding sites, other hydrological alterations that may affect breeding sites, and urbanization and forestry practices that destroy or degrade nonbreeding habitat (Mitchell 1991, Petranka 1998).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"In Virginia, 46 hectares were lost out of 1232 hectares of known occupied habitat between 1992-2001 (Niccoli and Kleopfer 2013). In North Carolina, 38 of 50 historical occurrences are presumed extirpated (NCNHP 2025). Many breeding sites have been lost through draining of wetlands and conversion of forests into croplands (Petranka 1998).","inventoryNeeds":"Robust population estimates and population trends assessments are needed.","numberProtEosComments":"Some occurrences are protected on Francis Marion National Forest in North Carolina.","protectionNeeds":"Protect known breeding habitats with large upland buffers.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species only breeds under optimal hydrological conditions (Hardy Jr. and Anderson 1970).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species requires shallow, acidic ponds in or around pine forest (Hardy Jr. and Anderson 1970, Fairman et al. 2013)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101261,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates (probably up to a few hundred meters) between breeding and nonbreeding habitats, though some adults may remain at the breeding site after the pond dries. Mass movements of adults coincide with heavy winter and spring rains.","foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":10,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101346,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101347,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102579,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1000,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ambystomatid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to breeding sites (with the center of the circle in the center of the breeding site). Most ambystomatids stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool (see separation justification section).","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, especially at night during salamander breeding season, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; wide, fast rivers; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and hydrodynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes have been described as barriers but probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat. For A. barbouri, a stream-pool breeder, predatory fishes appeared to act as a barrier to larval dispersal and gene flow for populations separated by as little as 500-1000 m (Storfer 1999). Highly disturbed land, such as the cleared and bedded soils of some silvicultural site preparation, may serve as an impediment to movement of A. cingulatum (Means et al. 1996), although Ashton (1998) noted the species' use of pine plantations, pastures, and three-year-old clearcuts. Such areas should be treated as unsuitable habitat rather than barriers. <br><br>MOVEMENTS: Palis's (1997b) suggested use of 3.2 km between breeding sites to distinguish breeding populations of A. cingulatum was based on Ashton's (1992) finding that individuals may move as much as 1.6 km from their breeding ponds. Ambystoma californiense sometimes migrates up to 2 km between breeding ponds and terrestrial habitat (see USFWS 2004). Funk and Dunlap (1999) found that A. macrodactylum managed to recolonize lakes after trout extirpation despite evidence of low levels of interpopulation dispersal. Based on a review of several Ambystoma species (e.g., Semlitsch 1981, Douglas and Monroe 1981, Kleeberger and Werner 1983, Madison 1997), Semlitsch (1998) concluded that a radius of less than 200 meters around a breeding pond would likely encompass the terrestrial habitat used by more than 95 percent of adults. Faccio's (2003) study of radio-tagged A. maculatum and A. jeffersonianum in Vermont supports this conclusion. In New York, all movements of A. tigrinum occurred in areas within 300 m of the nearest breeding pond (Madison and Farrand 1998). However, most studies of these salamanders had small sample sizes and/or were not designed to detect long-distance movements, so migration distance may be somewhat underestimated.<br><br>In summary, ambystomatid salamanders generally stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool. Due to high breeding site fidelity and limitation of breeding to pool basins, populations using different breeding sites exhibit little or no interbreeding among adults. Thus one might argue that each pool constitutes a separate occurrence or that the separation distance for suitable habitat should be the nominal minimum of 1 km. However, little is known about how frequently first-time (or experienced) breeders use non-natal pools (pools from which they did not originate) or how far they may move to such sites. Frequent colonization of new and remote habitats by at least some species suggests that dispersal movements sometimes may be longer than typical adult migration distances. It seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:15.597347Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101261,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Mitchell (1991) recommended that known breeding sites be protected and that the protected area include the pond and a buffer of surrounding forest 250 m wide.","managementMethods":"Clearcutting and intensive mechanical site preparation should be avoided. Breeding ponds should not be dredged or stocked with fishes. Winter burning should be avoided.","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"Responses to various forestry practices need to be determined.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Research is needed on breeding habitat requirements, upland habitat requirements and distances from breeding habitats, and all threats.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102812,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:18:33.299519Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1153359,"citation":"Fairman, C. M., L. L. Bailey, R. M. Chambers, T. M. Russell, and W. C. Funk. 2013. Species-specific effects of acidity on pond occupancy in <i>Ambystoma</i> salamanders. Journal of Herpetology 47(2): 346–353.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fairman et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13FAI01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T22:02:24.10103Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. 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Reproductive activity, growth and movements of AMBYSTOMA MABEEI Bishop in North Carolina. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 5:65-67.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hardy","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"A69HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:55.868911Z"},{"id":138844,"citation":"Hardy, J.D., Jr. and Anderson, J.D. 1970. Ambystoma mabeei. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 81:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hardy and Anderson","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"A70HAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:55.868911Z"},{"id":133668,"citation":"Jones, T. R., A. G. Kluge, and A. J. Wolf. 1993. When theories and methodologies clash: a phylogenetic reanalysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Systematic Biology 42:92-102.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93JON02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":142491,"citation":"Kraus, F. 1988. An empirical evaluation of the use of the ontogeny polarization criterion in phylogenetic inference. Systematic Zoology 37:106-141.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":124025,"citation":"Martof, B. S., W. M. Palmer, J. R. Bailey, and J. R. Harrison, III. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 264 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Martof et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80MAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":130783,"citation":"Mitchell, J. C. 1991. Amphibians and reptiles. Pages 411-76 in K. Terwilliger (coordinator). Virginia's Endangered Species: Proceedings of a Symposium. 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Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1153364,"citation":"North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2025. Element Subnational Ranking Form in Biotics 5 database. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.","shortCitationAuthor":"NCNHP","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"U25NCN01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T22:02:24.131023Z"},{"id":113869,"citation":"Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Petranka","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98PET01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":1152494,"citation":"<p>NatureServe's Rapid Analysis of Rarity and Endangerment Conservation Assessment Tool (RARECAT). 2025. Version: 2.1.1 (released April 04, 2025).</p>","shortCitationAuthor":"RARECAT","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25NSR01HQUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T22:11:27.25988Z"},{"id":109709,"citation":"Shaffer, H. B., J. M. Clark, and F. Kraus. 1991. When molecules and morphology clash: a phylogenetic analysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Systematic Zoology 40:284-303.","shortCitationAuthor":"Shaffer et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91SHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153360,"citation":"Sutton, W. B., K. Barrett, A. T. Moody, C. S. Loftin, P. G. deMaynadier, and P. Nanjappa. 2015. Predicted changes in climatic niche and climate refugia of conservation priority salamander species in the northeastern <br/>United States. Forests 6: 1-26. doi:10.3390/f6010001","shortCitationAuthor":"Sutton et al.","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"A15SUT02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T22:02:24.171053Z"},{"id":148299,"citation":"Tobey, F. J. 1985. Virginia's amphibians and reptiles: a distributional survey. 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