{"elementGlobalId":101214,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Acipenser oxyrinchus</i>","scientificName":"Acipenser oxyrinchus","scientificNameAuthor":"Mitchill, 1815","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Sturgeon","relatedItisNames":"<i>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus</i> Mitchill, 1815 (TSN 624004), <i>Acipenser oxyrinchus</i> Mitchill, 1815 (TSN 553269)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101214","elcode":"AFCAA01042","conceptRefFullCitation":"Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. i-x + 854 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus</i>","taxonomicComments":"Robins et al. (2018) elevated <i>Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi</i> and <i>Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus</i> to a full species because they are allopatric with no intergrades and are diagnosable as separate species. This elevation is accepted by the American Fisheries Society (Page et al. 2023). Previous analyses (e.g., King et al. 2001) found genetic differentiation between <i>A. o. desotoi</i> and <i>A. o. oxyrinchus</i> comparable to that between separate species in other families of fish.<br/><br/>The original (and hence correct) spelling of the specific name is \"<i>oxyrinchus</i>\", not \"<i>oxyrhynchus</i>\". The latter name, though long in use, must therefore be replaced by the former (see Gilbert 1992:33).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-12-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Young, B.E. 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vulnerable to alteration or deterioration of coastal and riverine habitats with many threats ongoing.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101214,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Occurs along the east coast of North America from the George River in Labroador, Canada, to the St. John's River in Florida, USA. Also occurs in the Baltic and North Seas of Europe (Hilton et al. 2016). In North America, spawning now occurs in 27 of the 35 coastal river systems where the species spawned historically (Hilton et al. 2016).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Assuming each spawning river is an occurrence, there are 27 occurrences in North America plus a few more in Europe.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Threats are summarized in Hilton et al. (2016). The population was decimated by overfishing in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Currently, In North America, fishing is permitted only in the Canada portion of the range. Other threats include dams, which prevent adults from reaching their spawning areas and degrade river habitats downstream. Water-borne contaminants also degrade habitats. Climate change is a threat due to increased warming of rivers and estuaries, which can cause hypoxic events. Dredging is a direct threat through entrainment and an indirect threat by degrading spawning habitat. Vessel strikes is an increasing cause of adult mortality.","shortTermTrendComments":"Range-wide, there are no comprehensive short-term population trend data; however, the consensus is that the subspecies is not recovering satisfactorily (Hilton et al. 2016).","longTermTrendComments":"Huge long-term decline due to overfishing for which the population has not recovered (Hilton et al. 2016).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101214,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to hundreds of kilometers upstream in rivers to spawn; also can make season movements at sea of hundreds of kilometers. Adults migrate between fresh water spawning areas and salt water nonspawning areas.","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds primarily on benthic invertebrates and small fishes as available (e.g., worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects, snails, sand lances).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":114254,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":114255,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1073,"locationUseClass":{"id":10,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Freshwater","locationUseClassDescEs":"Agua dulce","locationUseClassDescFr":"Eau douce","displayOrder":12},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":"Conceptually, the occurrence includes the entire freshwater area used by the population, including spawning, rearing, and migration areas. For anadromous populations, an occurrence should extend from the most upstream spawning areas downstream to the ocean. However, it is desirable (and practical) to subdivide this sometimes very large occurrence, sometimes overlapping with many other spaghetti-like occurrences extending down from the upstream spawning areas to the ocean, into separate source features or sub-occurrences, labeled with a feature label that reflects the life history stage in that area. Moreover, it may make practical sense to treat the areas downstream of spawning and/or rearing areas as a mixed element animal assemblage: Freshwater Salmon Migration Corridor. This negates the need to separately map each occurrence down to the ocean from its upstream spawning location. Information about areas with different life-history uses can be generated by using best professional judgment by district or regional fish biologists and may or may not incorporate specific locational information from spawning surveys or other surveys.","separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water (e.g., 100-year flood or 1% flood).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"For anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas, the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream-km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean (but see mapping guidance), regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries. <br/><br/>For other (e.g., nonanadromous) populations in streams, separation distance is 10 stream-km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat. However, if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km (e.g., this may be common for migratory, nonanadromous populations), those sites should be included within the same occurrence. In lakes, occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied (based on expert judgment), even if documented collection/observation points are more than 10 km apart. Separate sub-occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake.","separationJustification":"The separation distance is arbitrary but was selected to ensure that occurrences are of manageable size but not too small. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality. <br/><br/>\"Restricted movement is the norm in populations of stream salmonids during nonmigratory periods,\" but there is considerable variation in movements within and among species (Rodriguez 2002). Redband trout in Montana had October-December home ranges of 5-377 m, consistent with small movements observed for radio-tagged brook trout and cutthroat trout during fall and winter (Muhlfeld et al. 2001). For nonanadromous populations, little is known about juvenile dispersal (e.g., how far fishes may move between between their embryonic developmental habitat and eventual spawning site).<br/><br/>In summer and fall, radio-tagged cutthroat trout in Strawberry Reservoir in Utah had single-month home ranges that were usually about 3-4 km in maximum length (Baldwin et al. 2002). In the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana, radio-tagged westslope cutthroat trout moved 3-72 km (mean 31 km) to access spawning tributaries (Schmetterling 2001). This indicates that migratory but nonanadromous populations may use extensive areas and that one should not invoke the 10-km separation distance without considering the full extent of the population.","versionDate":"2009-11-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and L. Master","versionNotes":"This Specs Group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations (may also include nonanadromous populations), such as lampreys, sturgeons, herrings, shads, salmonids, and smelts. <br/><br/>Criteria for marine occurrences (Location Use Class: Marine) have not yet been established. These may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages (e.g., Salmonid Marine Concentration Area).<br/><br/><u>Feature Descriptor Definitions: </u><br/><br/>Spawning Area: area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration. <br/><br/>Rearing Area: area used for larval/juvenile development but not for spawning or migration.<br/><br/>Migration Corridor: area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning.","lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156581,"locationUseClass":{"id":11,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Estuarine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Estuarina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Estuarien","displayOrder":13},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":"Rearing & Migration Area, Spawning & Rearing Area, Wintering Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat. For anadromous populations, occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults, redds, other evidence of spawning, or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning/rearing habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156582,"locationUseClass":{"id":12,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Marine","locationUseClassDescEs":"Marina","locationUseClassDescFr":"Marine","displayOrder":14},"eoSpecGroupName":"Fishes with Anadromous Populations","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more non-breeding adults in appropriate marine habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":"2023-11-03","versionAuthor":"Shaw, H. and M. McCormack","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-11-04T02:02:32.842731Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101214,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102768,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:18:25.768489Z"}],"references":[{"id":143123,"citation":"Collins, M. R. and T.I.J. Smith. 1997. Distributions of shortnose and Atlantic sturgeons in South Carolina. North American Journal of Fish Management 17(4):995-1000.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins and Smith","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:49.447292Z"},{"id":115863,"citation":"Gilbert, C. R. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic Bight) Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report. 82(11.22). U.S Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-82-4. 28 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gilbert","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"R89GIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:49.447292Z"},{"id":109524,"citation":"Gilbert, C.R. (editor). 1992. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume II. Fishes. 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