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due primarily to extensive range; population trends are poorly known.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101120,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":31,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-2,500,000 square km (about 8000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 1.000.000 de millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDS: southern and eastern British Columbia to northern Saskatchewan and Prince Edward Island, south to northwestern Baja California, southern New Mexico, northern Mexico, Arkansas, and Virginia. WINTERS: southern Canada to northern Baja California, central Mexico, and Gulf Coast. Also in Old World.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Guesstimated number of breeding pairs in Canada in the early 1990s was 10,000-20,000 (Kirk et al. 1995).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":"Trends are difficult to ascertain. Reported as \"?stable; little data available\" in Canada (Kirk et al. 1995).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101120,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migratory in most of Canada and north-central U.S. At Cape May Point, New Jersey, 90% of fall migration was completed between mid-October and late November (Duffy and Kerlinger 1992). See also Russell et al. (1991) for an account of fall migration at Cape May Point, New Jersey.","foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic; feeds on available small mammals (usually <50 g) (Marks 1984). Typical primary prey in North America includes MICROTUS, PEROMYSCUS, and PEROGNATHUS; varies with locality (e.g., THOMOMYS in Oregon; Bull et al. 1989). Typically forages in open grassy area, e.g., marsh, old field, but may forage in forest in some areas (e.g., northeastern Oregon, Bull et al. 1989).","animalPhenologyComments":"Basically nocturnal, though diurnal foraging may occur at high latitudes or when feeding young.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":38,"width":null,"weight":279,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101260,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101261,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102420,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1210,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":"Nest site                                                                                           ","inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Conservatively based on an average home range of 27 hectares for a Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl family (Proudfoot and Johnson 2000). A breeding male Northern Saw-whet Owl spent most of its active time in a core area of only 27 hectares (Cannings 1987).<br><br>Long-eared Owl: May use an IE of 0.8 km, which is the diameter of an average home range (Craighead and Craighead 1956).<br><br>Short-eared Owl: May use an IE of 0.9 km, which is based on an average breeding home range of 65 hectares.<br>","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is not intended to delineate demographically independent populations or metapopulations (such units would be quite large) but rather serves to circumscribe breeding occurrences that are of practical size for conservation/management use.<br><br>Separation distance is larger than three times the diameter of an average home range for these volant species; based  the diameter of larger home ranges of males, e.g. those of Northern Pygmy-Owls given below. <br><br>Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl: post-fledging families used 9.3 to about 60 hectares until the young dispersed (Proudfoot and Johnson 2000). <br><br>Northern Pygmy-Owl: territory in Colorado estimated to be about 75 hectares (Rashid 1999, cited in Holt and Petersen 2000); home ranges of breeding males in Washington 170-230 hectares (A. Giese, pers. comm., cited in Holt and Petersen 2000); home ranges of males in Sweden averaged 231 hectares (Kullberg 1995). <br><br>Northern Saw-whet Owl: Two breeding males had home ranges of 142 and 159 hectares (Cannings 1987). Most breeding habitat probably supports a maximum of about 1 pair/square kilometer, often much less (Cannings 1993); singing males can be as close as about 250 meters apart (Swengel 1990). <br><br>Elf Owl: home ranges smaller, range 0.2-2.6, mean 1.0 hectares (Gamel 1997). <br><br>Flammulated Owl males had mean home ranges of about 14 hectares in Colorado (Linkhart 1984) and about 16 hectares in Oregon (during the incubation period; Goggans 1986).  DNA data indicate very low differentiation among populations in different mountain ranges in New Mexico and Utah; evidently the species exhibits long-distance natal dispersal and frequent intermountain dispersal (Arsenault et al. 2005).<br><br>Whiskered Screech-Owls had home ranges about 1550 meters long, along permanent creek (Gehlbach and Gehlbach 2000).<br><br>Burrowing Owl: In Saskatchewan, the average home range was about 1.2 kilometers in diameter (Haug and Oliphant 1990).<br><br>Long-eared Owl: In Wyoming, breeding home range in riparian habitat varied from 34-106 hectares and averaged 51 hectares (Craighead and Craighead 1956).<br><br>Short-eared Owl: Breeding territories average 64 -74 hectares  (Holt 1992, Clark 1975).","versionDate":"2005-02-26","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":"Contains owls in the genera <i>Otus</i>, <i>Glaucidium</i>, <i>Aegolius</i>, <i>Asio</i> and <i>Athene</i>.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1209,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.6,"inferredExtentNotes":"Conservatively based on a home range of 27 hectares; for example, a breeding male Northern Saw-whet Owl spent most of its active time in a 27-hectare core area (Cannings 1987).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering individuals (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance larger than three times the diameter of an average home range for these volant species; based  the diameter of larger home ranges of males, e.g. those of Northern Pygmy-Owls: in Washington 170-230 hectares (A. Giese, pers. comm., cited in Holt and Petersen 2000);  in Sweden, averaged 231 hectares (Kullberg 1995).  <br> Whiskered Screech-Owls had home ranges about 1550 meters long, along permanent creek (Gehlbach and Gehlbach 2000).","versionDate":"2002-04-16","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156323,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Owls","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring, nonbreeding, communal roosting at a given location; reliable observation of multiple individuals roosting in a distinct habitat patch in multiple years. To avoid creating EOs for ephemeral situations, there should be evidence of communal roosting over at least two different (though not necessarily consecutive) nonbreeding seasons.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary. Pertinent biologically based separation criteria do not exist.","versionDate":"2012-10-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:19.582657Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101120,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102675,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:18:10.439935Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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