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A., K. L. Cramer, N. J. Dippenaar, and T. J. Robinson. 1992. Systematics and biogeography of the New England cottontail, <i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i> (Bangs, 1895), with the description of a new species from the Appalachian Mountains. 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in the small range in the Appalachian Mountains southwest of the Hudson River are experiencing a loss of habitat due to human use and the range expansion of the eastern cottontail; populations are small and isolated; population trend and degree of threat posed by the eastern cottontail are not well known in most areas.","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":101018,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Appalachian Mountain chain, its marginal plateau, and mountain balds, southwest of the Hudson River, in Pennsylvania, western Maryland, West Virginia, western Virginia, southeastern Kentucky, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, western South Carolina, northern Georgia, and northern Alabama (Chapman et al. 1992). Occurs in discrete populations.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There are at least several dozen extant occurrences in areas west and south of the Hudson River.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"West and south of the Hudson River, the main threats are alteration of habitat by human activities and the related problem of competition and interbreeding with the eastern cottontail. The eastern cottontail competes with, and rapidly replaces, the Appalachian cottontail on cleared and cultivated ground; in some areas, the eastern cottontail is invading the forest habitats of the Appalachian cottontail. Introductions of exotic subspecies of <i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i> may have broadened the ecological tolerances of <i>Sylvilagus floridanus</i> and improved its ability to outcompete <i>S. obscurus</i>. Handley and Gordon (in Linzey 1979) doubted that this is a significant factor in Virginia where there has been little, if any, stocking of cottontails. MtDNA data indicate that hybridization is not occurring between the Appalachian cottontail and the eastern cottontail. <br><br>The fairly limited geographic distribution of the southern populations mainly is broken into small, isolated populations (Chapman and Stauffer 1979). Such populations are vulnerable to extirpation by chance events (Kirtland 1986).  This is a game species in some southern states, but hunting pressure in some areas is low due to the remoteness of most occurrences (D. Feller, pers., comm., 1997). However, in West Virginia, between 1985 and 1990, 76 of 204 cottontail skulls provided by hunters and biologists were <i>S. obscurus</i> (unpublished USFWS performance report).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"Most biologists agree that a significant decline has occurred in the population west and south of the Hudson River (<i>S. obscurus</i>, as circumscribed by Baker et al. 2003; and Hoffmann and Smith, in Wilson and Reeder 2005). Some maintain that the species may be facing extinction (Chapman and Morgan 1973, Feldhamer et al. 1984), whereas others believe recovery may be occurring in certain areas (Betsill 1987; Bier, pers. comm., 1992). The discrepancy may arise from two conflicting trends--preferred habitat is restored in parts of the range, but eastern cottontails have expanded their distribution both geographically and in terms of habitat and continue to displace the Appalachian cottontail.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many of the presently known populations west and south of the Hudson River are in national and state forests, national parks, other public lands, or Nature Conservancy preserves, where there is good potential for protecting habitat.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101018,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"The diet includes mostly forbs, with some grass and woody material, in spring and summer, but the winter diet is mostly (85% in Maryland and West Virginia) twigs, bark, and buds of woody species. In periods of snow, the diet may be entirely evergreen needles such as hemlock (TSUGA) and spruce (PICEA). Rhododendron (RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM) and mountain laurel (KALMIA) seem to be avoided as food, though they are often characteristic of good habitat in Appalachia (Dalke and Sime 1941, Pringle 1960, Spencer and Chapman 1986).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103366,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103367,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106268,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1053,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Cottontail Rabbits","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on an average home range size of about 3.5 hectares (Fitch 1947, Trent and Rongstad 1974, Althoff and Storm 1989).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major rivers and medium to large lakes. Rabbits can and do swim, and can cross frozen water bodies, so caution must be used in determining whether a water body is a true barrier; flow patterns, etc. must be taken into account.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":2.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Unsuitable habitat: urban/suburban areas, water bodies that are not complete barriers, etc. <br><br>Dispersal potential, though poorly documented in most species, is considerable. For example, a female eastern cottontail (<i>S. floridanus</i>) escaped from an enclosure and returned to its original capture site 3.74 km away (Hill 1967). Preliminary data for the pygmy rabbit (<i>Brachylagus idahoensis</i>) indicate that juveniles regularly disperse a few to several kilometers (up to at least 11.8 km); average natal dispersal distances for males and females were 1.7 km and 4.7 km, respectively (Wendy Estes-Zumpf, University of Idaho, unpublished data).","versionDate":"2004-10-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:23.363087Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":101018,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102575,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:56.986502Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":235682,"citation":"Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.742349Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":109494,"citation":"Chapman, J. A., K. L. Cramer, N. J. Dippenaar, and T. J. Robinson. 1992. Systematics and biogeography of the New England cottontail, <i>Sylvilagus transitionalis</i> (Bangs, 1895), with the description of a new species from the Appalachian Mountains. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105(4):841-866.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chapman et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92CHA01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-01-31T22:52:28.093778Z"},{"id":810393,"citation":"Linzey, D.W. 2016. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 2016 revision. Southeastern Naturalist 15(Monograph 8):1–93.","shortCitationAuthor":"Linzey","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16LIN02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.46115Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":145097,"name":"Appalachian cottontail","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":101018,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Lagomorpha","family":"Leporidae","genus":"Sylvilagus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":101018,"reproductionComments":"Gestation period is about 4 weeks. Litter size is genrally 3-5 or occasionally up to 8, with up to several litters per year. Most individuals first breed in their second season, but some juveniles breed.<br>","ecologyComments":"In western Maryland, home range was about 2-10 ha (media 4.3) in females, 4-9 ha (median 8.0) in males (Barry et al. 1996).","habitatComments":"Strictly associated with dense cover and conifers at higher elevations; conifers and heaths, especially KALMIA and VACCINIUM (Maryland, West Virginia, Georgia, Alabama); 6-7-year-old clear cuts (Virginia); areas of heath and scrubby conifers, maintained by periodic fires, adjacent to deciduous growth (Chapman et al. 1992). In western Maryland, used areas with dense understory vegetation within mature mixed-oak forest or patches of recent clearcuts; avoided steep slopes (Barry et al. 1996). <br><br>Nests are made in a depression on the ground, sometimes at the base of a stump, lined with grass and fur and capped with twigs and leaves. (Dalke 1942, Tefft and Chapman 1983). They are usually in brush or woods rather than grasslands (Dalke 1937).","generalDescription":"Medium-sized rabbit with fine silky fur; upper sides pinkish buff to ochraceous buff; venter bright whitish to pale buffy whitish; fore legs rusty rufous; cheeks distinctly grizzled gray; ears short and rounded, with the anterior edges black; usually a distinct black spot between the ears, rarely a prominent white spot or blaze on the forehead (Chapman et al. 1992).","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-112125,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":23,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest/Woodland","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque/Tierras forestales ","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt/terrain boisé","displayOrder":1}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112126,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112127,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112128,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":24,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest Edge","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lindero del bosque","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Bordure de forêt","displayOrder":5}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112129,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112130,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-112131,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. 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