{"elementGlobalId":1010170,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i>","scientificName":"Desmognathus auriculatus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Holbrook, 1838)","primaryCommonName":"Holbrook's Southern Dusky Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i> (Holbrook, 1838) (TSN 173637)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1010170","elcode":"AAAAD03250","conceptRefFullCitation":"Means, D. B., J. Y. Lamb and J. Bernardo. 2017. A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: <i>Desmognathus</i>) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of <i>D. auriculatus</i>. Zootaxa 4263(3): 467-506.","conceptName":"<i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i>","taxonomicComments":"This is the narrower concept of <i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i> following Means et al. (2017), Pyron et al. (2022), and Pyron and Beamer (2022c). Beamer and Lamb (2008) found five independent mitochondrial lineages of what has been called <i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i> in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but did not examine the extensive distribution of <i>D. auriculatus</i> in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Means et al. (2017) examined morphological and genetic data of <i>D. auriculatus</i> in the Gulf Coastal Plain and determined that populations from the Mobile River at the head of the Mobile Bay west to the eastern side of the Lower Mississippi River Valley was a new species named <i>D. valentinei</i>. Pyron et al. (2020) suggested on molecular grounds that this nominal species is a complex. Pyron et al. (2022) subsequently split <i>D. valentinei</i> and described a new species, <i>D. pascagoula,</i> from southeast Mississippi and southwest Alabama. Pyron and Beamer (2022c) described the 'auriculatus B/C' lineage from northeast Georgia to North Carolina as <i>D. valtos</i>.","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-09-12","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2024)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":1010172,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":288444,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":288444,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1102052,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1102052,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":null,"nrank":"NNR","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1010172,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-03T00:21:59.028832Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1010170/Desmognathus_auriculatus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2024-09-12","grankReviewDate":"2024-09-12","grankReasons":"This species is limited to swampy habitats in the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States. The population has suffered severe declines since the 1970s, although the exact cause remains a mystery. Once widespread and abundant within the range, there are now approximately 13 occurrences. Due to many historical localities with pristine, protected habitat becoming extirpated, it is unclear whether any occurrences can be considered adequately protected or managed.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":1010170,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":6,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow to moderate.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho a moderado.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"D’étroit à modéré."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":2,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly to moderately vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente a moderadamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De très à moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":19,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 80","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":6,"numberEosDescEn":"6 - 20","numberEosDescEs":"De 6 a 20","numberEosDescFr":"De 6 à 20"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":3,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"None to few (0-12)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"De ninguno a poco (0 a 12)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"D’aucun à peu (0 à 12)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":9,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio - bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen — faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in the Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States in southeastern Georgia, northern Florida, and southern Alabama (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron and Beamer 2022, Stephenson et al. 2023). It reaches the northern extent at the Ogeechee River in Georgia, extending south to northern peninsular Florida and extending west into the Florida Panhandle (Means et al. 2017, Pyron and Beamer 2022). The range extends to the Apalachicola River in the Florida Panhandle, although it historically extended farther west to the Yellow River (Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron et al. 2022). Based on figure 1 in Pyron and Beamer (2022), range extent is estimated to be approximately 35,000 km².","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":79,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"6-25","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 6 a 25","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 6 à 25","bioticsKey":26},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of occupancy is approximately 48 km², or 13 grid cells (Pyron and Beamer 2022, Stephenson et al. 2023).","numberEosComments":"There are approximately 13 total occurrences in Georgia and Florida (Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron and Beamer 2022, Stephenson et al. 2023). There are no occurrences known to be extant in Alabama (Graham et al. 2010, Pyron and Beamer 2022).","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":"Due to unexplained historical declines and extirpations in pristine habitat on conservation lands, it is uncertain how many occurrences may have good viability (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron et al. 2022).","threatImpactComments":"This species has suffered severe declines from unknown causes (Means and Travis 2007, Means et al. 2017). Overzealous scientific collecting has likely had an impact but is unlikely to be the sole cause of declines (Means and Travis 2007, Means et al. 2017, Pyron et al. 2022). Rooting by feral hogs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) destroys salamander habitat along wetland edges (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010). Disease has been suggested but never proven (Means and Travis 2007). Toxic pollutants have been deemed unlikely causes (Means and Travis 2007). Acid rain and ultraviolet-B radiation have been ruled out as causes (Means and Travis 2007). Logging activities in state and national forests have the potential to degrade habitat and reduce populations (Petranka et al. 1993).","shortTermTrendComments":"Most survey efforts have documented historical declines (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron et al. 2022), but regular monitoring has not occurred to document short-term trends.","longTermTrendComments":"From the 1970s through the 1990s, this species suffered precipitous declines throughout the range (Dodd 1998, Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017, Pyron et al. 2022). It is extirpated from nearly all historical sites in Florida (Dodd 1998, Means and Travis 2007, Means et al. 2017). Surveys from 2005-2009 in southern Georgia and southern Alabama found this species extant at only 1 of 39 historical sites, and at 1 of 25 sites surveyed that had no previous records (Graham et al. 2010). No sites are known to be extant in Alabama (Graham et al. 2010, Pyron and Beamer 2022).","inventoryNeeds":"<p>Robust population estimates are needed. Regular monitoring is needed to track population trends.</p>","numberProtEosComments":"There are occurrences protected in Apalachicola National Forest and Osceola National Forest (Means et al. 2017).","protectionNeeds":"Important conservation measures include protection and maintenance of mature bottomland hardwood forests. Removal of feral hogs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) is needed to protect salamander habitat.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Unexplained local extirpations point to some unknown vulnerability of the species (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010, Means et al. 2017).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species is generally found in swampy habitats with deep muck (Means et al. 2017)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":1010170,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic; eats various arthropods, worms, and other invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":16,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":103805,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":103806,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":106821,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":1010170,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Intensive interdisciplinary studies are needed to determine the cause of historical declines (Means and Travis 2007, Graham et al. 2010).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1156651,"citation":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC). 2025. Biological Status Review Report, Southern Dusky Salamander (Holbrook’s Southern Dusky Salamander). Tallahassee, Florida. 28 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"FWC","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"U25FWC02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-10-04T06:03:43.507256Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":124025,"citation":"Martof, B. S., W. M. Palmer, J. R. Bailey, and J. R. Harrison, III. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 264 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Martof et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80MAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":851663,"citation":"Means, D. B., J. Y. Lamb and J. Bernardo. 2017. A new species of dusky salamander (Amphibia: Plethodontidae: <i>Desmognathus</i>) from the Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States and a redescription of <i>D. auriculatus</i>. Zootaxa 4263(3): 467-506.","shortCitationAuthor":"Means et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17MEA01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T02:13:56.034714Z"},{"id":120174,"citation":"Mount, R. H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn University Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn, Alabama. vii + 347 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mount","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"B75MOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:56.616394Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1132907,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., and D. A. Beamer. 2022c. Allocation of <i>Salamandra auriculata</i> Holbrook, 1838, with a new species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Zootaxa 5188(6):587-595. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5188.6.6","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron and Beamer","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22PYR05NAUS","lastModified":"2023-10-07T00:36:02.994201Z"},{"id":1101122,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., K. A. O'Connell, E. M. Lemmon, and A. R. Lemmon. 2020. Phylogenomic data reveal reticulation and incongruence among mitochondrial candidate species in Dusky Salamanders (<i>Desmognathus</i>). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 146(106751):1-13.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20PYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T02:55:32.035806Z"},{"id":1137518,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., K. A. O'Connell, J. Y. Lamb, and D. A. Beamer. 2022. A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: <i>Desmognathus</i>) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama. Zootaxa 5133(1): 53-82. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5133.1.3","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22PYR06NAUS","lastModified":"2025-09-06T04:14:52.268068Z"},{"id":1156628,"citation":"Stephenson, B. P., E. Sims, L. Hill, and T. M. Floyd. 2023. <i>Desmognathus auriculatus</i> (Holbrooks Southern Dusky Salamander). 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Eggs are laid under or in logs or in depressions under moss or other cover near water.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-114460,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-110553,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-110552,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-104428,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"TEMPORARY POOL","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"PISCINA TEMPORAL","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"BASSIN TEMPORAIRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagPalusHabId":-104431,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"SCRUB-SHRUB WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL DE MATORRALES","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"FRUTICÉE HUMIDE","displayOrder":3}},{"cagPalusHabId":-104429,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":4,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"FORESTED WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL BOSCOSO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE FORESTIÈRE","displayOrder":4}},{"cagPalusHabId":-104430,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101564,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Shallow water","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aguas poco profundas","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Eau peu profonde","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. 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