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D., and B. Carstens. 2013. Testing monophyly without well-supported gene trees: evidence from multi-locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe Thamnophiini. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 68:425-431.","conceptName":"<i>Virginia valeriae</i>","taxonomicComments":"McVay and Carstens (2013) found that <i>Virginia </i>is polyphyletic based on a multi-locus nuclear dataset, and resurrected <i>Haldea </i>for <i>V. striatula</i> (Crother 2017).<br /><br />Subspecies <i>pulchra </i>was proposed as a distinct species by Collins (1991), but he did not present supporting data. Molecular data indicate that <i>V. valeriae</i> is closely related to <i>Tropidoclonion lineatum</i>; perhaps the latter should be placed in the genus <i>Virginia</i>, with <i>V. striatula</i> being moved to the resurrected genus <i>Haldea </i>(Lawson 1985); myological data do not conform with the molecular data and perhaps a better arrangement would be to expand the genus <i>Virginia </i>to incorporate <i>T. lineatum</i> (see Lawson 1985).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2006-09-07","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":164302,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":308432,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del 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Locally, this species is perhaps threatened in some areas by deforestation (Mitchell 1991), and some populations appear to have been eliminated by residential, industrial, and agricultural development (Hulse et al. 2001).","shortTermTrendComments":"Current trend is not documented, but extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably are relatively stable or declining at a rate of less than 10 percent over 10 years or three generations.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are adequately protected.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100943,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly earthworms, also slugs and other small invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Active from April to October-November in the north (Collins 1982, Barbour 1971, Green and Pauley 1987), also active during mild winter weather in Texas but usually not seen in summer (Tennant 1984). 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However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100943,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102503,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:42.502039Z"}],"references":[{"id":100882,"citation":"Ashton, R. 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