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In the early 1980s, nested on four islands in Gulf of Maine (Maine, the only U.S. breeding sites) (Spendelow and Patton 1988). WINTERS: mostly offshore in northern boreal waters south to Long Island (New York), Azores, western Mediterranean (AOU 1983).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Many small colonies, but a major portion of the global population (over 200,000) nest in one large colony at western tip of Iceland.","popSizeComments":"World population was estimated at about 700,000 pairs by Nettleship and Evans (1985). Censuses during the 1970s and early 1980s yielded about 15,000 pairs breeding in Canada/New England. See Evans (1984) for population data from Greenland.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Populations in Greenland may be impacted by hunting and salmon netting (Evan 1984). On islands off Labrador, breeding populations were eliminated or reduced by colonizing arctic foxes (Birkhead and Nettleship 1995).","shortTermTrendComments":"Thought to be stable or increasing throughout major parts of range (Hipfner and Chapdelaine 2002).  Hyslop and Kennedy (1992) indicated population increases in most areas of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and estuary between the 1970s and 1990. Populations increased in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region in the 1980s according to Chapdelaine and Brousseau (1992). Recolonization continues in Gulf of Maine as population increases (Podolsky 1989, Mawhinney and Sears 1996).","longTermTrendComments":"Hunting, egging and persecution have caused marked reductions in populations, but there have been no large-scale changes to range over historical period (Hipfner and Chapdelaine 2002). Gulf of St. Lawrence populations have declined over long term (Nettleship and Evans 1985).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100936,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Arrives in southern breeding areas (Maine) near end of February (Cowger 1976). Birds breeding in Labrador and Greenland migrate to Newfoundland and farther south (Brown 1985).","foodHabitsComments":"Winter adult diet off Newfoundland mainly crustaceans, mainly fishes in Baltic. Summer adult diet in Labrador: capelin, sculpins, euphausiids. In southeastern Canada, chicks are fed fishes (mainly sandlance and capelin). Dives to at least 120 m (Piatt and Nettleship 1985).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":43,"width":null,"weight":719,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102205,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102206,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1045,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Somewhat arbitrary, but generally very conservative for this group, many members of which travel long distances to foraging grounds.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map foraging areas as separate polygons if they are separated from the breeding colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Where colonies are closer than 5 kilometers, separate occurrences may be created if research shows little genetic mixing between colonies.","separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting and foraging areas, but occurrence separations are based on nesting areas (i.e., distance between nesting areas, regardless of foraging locations). Hence, different occurrences may overlap.<br><br>Occurrences are not based on discrete populations or metapopulations. Instead, the separation distance is arbitrarily small such that occurrences are of of practical size for data management purposes. <br><br>Evidence from a number of species of seabirds indicates that even though the 'home ranges' of individual nesting seabirds may be immense when foraging trips are taken into account, little movement or feeding overlap may occur between nearby colonies. For example, Thick-billed Murres may commute up to 170 kilometers one way on a feeding trip from the colony, but birds from a colony only 8 kilometers away may forage in a completely different direction; even birds from different sub-colonies only 1.5 kilometers apart mostly fed in completely separate areas (Gaston and Hipfner 2000).  <br><br>Most seabirds have strong breeding site fidelity; e.g., Thick-billed Murres (Gaston and Hipfner 2000, Gaston et al. 1994), Gray-backed Tern (Mostello et al. 2000), Red-footed Booby (Schreiber et al. 1996).","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1046,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Feeding area, Loafing site, Roosting site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds (including historical), including nonbreeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season; and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 25 birds regularly occur for more than 20 days per year would be deemed EOs; the number of individuals may be reduced for very rare species. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary; defined this small to aid in conservation planning. Sites more than 10 kilometers apart may be joined as one occurrence if research shows that predominantly the same individuals are using both sites.","versionDate":"2001-03-07","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100936,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for management recommendations.","monitoringMethods":"See Wanless et al. (1988) for information on effects of radio tranmitters on behavior.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for research recommendations.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102496,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:41.002054Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Pages 263-318 in Nettleship, D. N., and T. R. Birkhead, eds. The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradstreet and Brown","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85BRA03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":103368,"citation":"Brown, R. G. B. 1985. The Atlantic Alcidae at sea. Pages 383-426 in Nettleship, D. N., and T. R. Birkhead, eds. The Atlantic Alcidae. Academic Press, N.Y.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85BRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":107130,"citation":"Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1984. Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coast of the United States: their status and conservation. Pages 101-133 in Croxall et al., eds. Status and conservation of the world's seabirds. ICBP Tech. Pub. No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Buckley and Buckley","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84BUC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.945016Z"},{"id":149710,"citation":"Chapdelaine, G., and P. Brousseau. 1992. Distribution, abundance, and changes of seabird populations of the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 1979-1989. Can. field-Nat. 106:427-434.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chapdelaine and Brousseau","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92CHA03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":153891,"citation":"Cowger, J. 1976. Alcid nesting habitat on the Maine coast and its relevance to the Critical Areas Program. Planning Report No. 5, Critical Areas Program, Maine State Planning Office, Augusta, Maine. 23 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cowger","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"B76COW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.945016Z"},{"id":104085,"citation":"Evans, P. G. H. 1984a. The seabirds of Greenland: their status and conservation. 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