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distribution throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Still relatively common in some areas. Rank reflects primarily the extensive distribution; local threats/declines do not yet comprise a major conservation problem from a global perspective.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100925,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":33,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"In North America, breeding occurs from western and northern Alaska eastward through Northwest Territories to Labrador, and south to northern Mexico, Texas, western Oklahoma, and western Kansas, and in eastern North America southward to New York and northern New England (rare). See Lee and Spofford (1990) for a review of nesting records from the central and southern Appalachians (most nesting records south of the Adirondacks are doubtful). Golden eagles breed also in the Palearctic. The winter range in North America extends from south-central Alaska and southern Canada southward through the breeding range, and casually farther southward. In the United States, the species is most numerous in winter in the Rocky Mountain states, Great Basin, and western edge of the Great Plains (Root 1988). See Milsap and Vana (1984) for information on winter range in the eastern United States. Northernmost populations in Eurasia winter south to northern Africa (Sibley and Monroe 1990).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"The global number of occurrences has not been precisely determined using standardized criteria, but this species clearly  is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"North American population in the mid-1980s was estimated at about 70,000; perhaps about 20,000 breeding pairs occur in the western United States. De Smet (1987 COSEWIC report) gave an estimate of 50,000-100,000 for North America. Kirk et al. (1995) reported that the estimated number of breeding pairs in Canada was 1,000-5,000. Rich et al. (2004) estimated global population size at 170,000, with approximately half of the total in the United States and Canada.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Decline in the early 1900s was due to eradication campaigns, frequently encouraged by the use of bounties (eagle was believed to be a major predator on livestock).<br><br>Golden eagles are extremely susceptible to powerline electrocution because the wings can span phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground wires (Biosystems Analysis 1989); modifications have been made in problem areas. <br><br>Other threats include ingestion of poison intended for coyotes; ingestion of toxic water from mining activities; occasional shootings; habitat loss to agriculture, suburban land uses, and energy development; loss of potential food resources as a result of habitat degradation or rodent/rabbit control; mortality in inappropriately designed stock tanks, and collisions with structures and with vehicles on roadways. Human disturbance or activity may cause nest abandonment, render a nest site less productive, or prevent a suitable nest site from being utilized, but direct disturbance of nests appears to be infrequent (see GBBO 2010).<br><br>Mortality resulting from inappropriate wind turbine design and placement looms as an increasing threat. Many eagle deaths have been recorded at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area in northern California and at the Pine Tree wind turbine facility in Tehachapi in southern California. Several dozen wind energy developments have been proposed for desert areas in southern California, where there are many occupied golden eagle territories (LaPré 2011). Proposed solar energy developments in the Mohave Desert overlap with golden eagle territories (Wildlife Research Institute 2010). Large-scale wind/solar energy development could reduce prey populations and reduce eagle hunting opportunities (GBBO 2010).<br><br>The small population in eastern North America may be negatively affected by poor survival to breeding age (Palmer 1988).<br><br>See De Smet (1987 COSEWIC report) for further discussion of threats.","shortTermTrendComments":"Recent data suggest that after several decades of relative stability, golden eagle numbers may again be declining in the West, particularly in the sagesteppe region (see GBBO 2010).","longTermTrendComments":"In eastern North America, golden eagles have reappeared in some sites within the historical nesting range (De Smet), but the species may be decreasing in the northeastern United States (Bednarz et al. 1990). Kirk et al. (1995) noted declines in parts of the range in Canada.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species is protected in many U.S. and Canadian national parks and wilderness areas. It is protected, by similarity of appearance, under the Bald Eagle Protection Act.","protectionNeeds":"Adequate protection requires consideration of nesting sites and foraging areas/prey populations.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100925,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migratory populations may exist in areas where the species is present throughout the year, so specific migration patterns may be obscure. Northernmost populations withdraw southward for winter (some individuals may remain in north); these migrants may migrate farther south than do birds from breeding populations to the south; migrants return to northern breeding areas mainly in March-April. Most vacate hot deserts during summer.<br><br>In predatory bird surveys over 12 months in the eastern Mohave Desert, San Bernardino County, California, Knight et al. (1999) observed golden eagles only during November and December, despite the species being a regular nesting bird in the Mohave Desert. The low number of observations may have reflected a naturally low density of eagles, lack of overlap of survey routes with eagle territories, or seasonal migrations of eagles between summer nesting areas in desert mountains and wintering areas in desert basins (Knight et al. 1999). See Palmer (1988) for discussion of seasonal movements. <br><br>A juvenile from Denali National Park, Alaska, migrated through Yukon Territory and interior British Columbia to a wintering site in east-central Idaho; another juvenile migrated through the Yukon, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to northeastern Montana (Britten et al. 1995).<br><br>Territory size in several areas of the western United States averaged 57-142 sq km (Palmer 1988). In desert regions, territories may be much larger (e.g., 258-310 sq km; see Wildlife Research Institute 2010).","foodHabitsComments":"The diet consists promarily of small mammals (e.g., rabbits, marmots, ground squirrels) but sometimes also includes large insects, snakes, birds, juvenile ungulates, and carrion. In the western Great Basin, the four most frequent prey species were black-tailed jackrabbit, mountain cottontail, yellow-bellied marmot, and chukar; Lagomorpha accounted for 91 percent of the prey biomass (Bloom and Hawks 1982). Golden eagles rarely attack large, healthy mammals (e.g., pigs, sheep, deer) (Terres 1980). Individual can fast for days between feedings. They hunt while soaring or from a perch (the latter especially used by young), and individuals may hunt cooperatively. See Palmer (1988) for further details.","animalPhenologyComments":"Foraging commonly occurs in early morning and early evening.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":102,"width":null,"weight":4692,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101134,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102195,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1273,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Nest site","inferredExtentDistance":6.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a conservatively small home range of 30 square kilometers (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of breeding (including historical); and potential recurring breeding at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs with occupied nests in appropriate habitat. Occurrence includes not only the nest sites, but also the surrounding areas used for feeding during the nesting season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":20.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Where an occurrence is at least  twice the size of a minimum A-ranked occurrence,  it may be divided into two or more A-ranked occurrences along divisions that are narrower (or absent) than the separation distances given. The dividing lines should be made as much as possible along lines of limited eagle use; for example, along major urban areas or very wide bodies of water.","separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary and is not intended to establish occurrences that represent discrete populations. Instead, it attempts to balance the high mobility of these birds against the need for occurrences of practical size for conservation purposes. Separation distance is based on nest sites; nest sites separated by a gap that is less than the separation distance represent the same occurrence. <br><br>Home range size is highly variable and probably similar to territory, which has been estimated to average between 23 and 192 square kilometers in the western United States (Beecham and Kochert 1975, McGahan 1968, Smith and Murphy 1973, Dixon 1937).","versionDate":"2004-09-28","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:07.446303Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1272,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":6.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a conservatively small home range of 30 square kilometers (see Separation Justification in Breeding Location Use Class).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering individuals outside their breeding area (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":20.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary and is not intended to establish occurrences that represent discrete populations. Instead, it attempts to balance the high mobility of these birds against the need for occurrences of practical size for conservation purposes.","versionDate":"2004-09-28","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:14:07.446303Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100925,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Size of protected habitat patches should be at least 250 sq km and preferably at least 1,000 sq km (see GBBO 2010).","managementMethods":"Relocation of breeding adult eagles (residents) offers, at best, only a short-term soluation to the problem of eagle predation on livestock (in Wyoming, most relocated birds reestablished their territories) (Phillips et al. 1991). <br><br>See Fala et al. (1985) for information on artificial nest sites.","monitoringMethods":"See Britten et al. (1995) for information on satellite telemetry.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102485,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:38.314503Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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