{"elementGlobalId":100800,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Arctocephalus townsendi</i>","scientificName":"Arctocephalus townsendi","scientificNameAuthor":"Merriam, 1897","primaryCommonName":"Guadalupe Fur Seal","relatedItisNames":"<i>Arctocephalus townsendi</i> Merriam, 1897 (TSN 180636)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100800","elcode":"AMAJC02010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Arctocephalus townsendi</i>","taxonomicComments":"This species has been moved to the genus <i>Arctophoca</i> by a number of molecular studies using mtDNA, which found that<i> Arctocephalus pusillus</i> was not related to other members of the genus, but the paraphyly presented in earlier studies is likely a result of mitonuclear discordance and the genus <i>Arctocephalus </i>is retained by the American Society of Mammalogists following recent studies using nuclear and mitochondrial markers (ASM 2025).<br/><br/>Has been regarded as conspecific with <i>Arctocephalus phillipii</i> by some authors (e.g., Hall 1981). Considered a distinct species by Jones et al. (1992), Wozencraft (in Wilson and Reeder 1993, 2005), and Reeves et al. (1992).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-08-19","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and K. Willson (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162759,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":375969,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":375969,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrank":"N1","nrankReviewYear":1996,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162759,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":1013420,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"NNR","elementSubnationals":[],"nrank":"NNR","nrankReviewYear":null,"speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":1013420,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:34:36.112066Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100800/Arctocephalus_townsendi","grankChangeDate":"2025-08-19","grankReasons":"This species ranges widely along the Pacific Coast of the U.S. and México, but is currently limited to two active breeding colonies off the coast of México. The population was nearly hunted to extinction during the 1800s but has rebounded from estimates of several hundred individuals to roughly 40,000 individuals. Entanglement in commercial fishing gear is the primary contemporary threat.","grankReviewDate":"2025-08-19","grank":"G2","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100800,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":1,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Très étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":11,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":7,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very few (1-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muy pocos (de 1 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Très peu (de 1 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":6,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few (1-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Pocos casos (1 a 3) están adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Peu d’occurrences (de 1 à 3) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":21,"rangeExtentDescEn":"1000-5000 square km (about 400-2000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"1.000 a 5.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 400 a 2.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 1 000 à 5 000 km carrés (de 400 à 2 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":43,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of 10-25%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Aumenta del 10 al 25%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de 10 à 25 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species ranges along the Pacific Coast from Washington, United States to Colima, México (California Department of Fish and Game 1990, Matthews and Moseley 1990, Hanni et al. 1997, Melin and DeLong 1999, Lander et al. 2000, Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002, García-Aguilar et al. 2018). Occasional wanderings have occurred as far south as Guerrero and Oaxaca (Aurioles-Gamboa et al. 1999, Villegas-Zurita et al. 2015), and as far north as Alaska (Pace et al. 2022).<br/><br/>There is primarily one breeding site, Guadalupe Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California, México, with a secondary relatively newly-established site on Islas San Benito about 275 km southwest (Maravilla-Chavez and Lowry 1999, Aurioles-Gamboa et al. 2010, García-Aguilar et al. 2018). Based on these two breeding sites, the breeding range extent is estimated to be 3,089 km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>The historical breeding range is generally considered to have extended from the Revillagigedo Islands (México) northward to coastal waters of west-central California (Belcher and Lee 2002).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"There is one main breeding occurrence on Guadalupe Island and a peripheral breeding occurrence on Islas San Benito (Maravilla-Chavez and Lowry 1999, Aurioles-Gamboa et al. 2010, Esperón-Rodríguez and Gallo-Reynoso 2012, García-Aguilar et al. 2018).<br/><br/>Other haul-out sites with very low levels of breeding include San Nicolas Island and San Miguel Island, Channel Islands, California (California Department of Fish and Game 1990, Melin and DeLong 1999), and El Farallón de San Ignacio Island, San Pedro Mártir Island, and Las Animals Island, Gulf of California, México (Gálvez et al. 2022, Gutiérrez-Osuna et al. 2022).","popSizeComments":"Population size was estimated to be 34,000-44,000 individuals in 2013 (García-Aguilar et al. 2018, Hernández-Camacho and Trites 2018).","viabilityComments":"There is only one viable breeding occurrence, Guadalupe Island (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002, García-Aguilar et al. 2018).","threatImpactComments":"Currently, the species is vulnerable to mortality from oil spills, and offshore oil and gas exploration may affect potential habitat off California coast (Matthews and Moseley 1990). USAF space shuttle program's sonic booms could cause disturbance. Three of nine stranded individuals found recently in central and northern California had experienced entanglement in fishing gear or marine debris (Hanni et al. 1997). Sea-level rise could negatively impact both breeding sites.<br/><br/>During the 19th and 20th centuries, this species was hunted nearly to extinction (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002). This threat has been eliminated due to protections (García-Aguilar et al. 2018).","shortTermTrendComments":"The population has been increasing on Guadalupe Island and Islas San Benito since 2000 (Aurioles-Gamboa et al. 2010, Esperón-Rodríguez and Gallo-Reynoso 2012, García-Aguilar et al. 2018).","longTermTrendComments":"This species was nearly hunted to extinction by European settlers throughout the 1800s (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002, García-Aguilar et al. 2018). It was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1949 (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002).","inventoryNeeds":"Long-term monitoring is needed to assess population size and trends.","numberProtEosComments":"Both breeding sites are formally protected (Esperón-Rodríguez and Gallo-Reynoso 2012, García-Aguilar et al. 2018).","protectionNeeds":"Protect all existing and potential breeding sites from habitat degradation and disturbance. Research the possibility of translocating animals to historic breeding areas.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species primarily feeds on squid but also feeds on bony fishes (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002, Esperón-Rodríguez and Gallo-Reynoso 2012).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species only breeds on remote offshore islets with no major terrestrial mammalian predators (Belcher and Lee Jr. 2002)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100800,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Remains in the vicinity of breeding area throughout the year, though wandering individuals are sighted regularly off the California coast.","foodHabitsComments":"Diet apparently includes squid and lanternfish (Reeves et al. 1992). Population is not thought to be food limited nor to compete with other pinnipeds for food resources (Peterson et al. 1968).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":220,"width":null,"weight":159000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102039,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102040,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156509,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Breeding Rookery, Feeding Concentration Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes reliable observation and documentation of breeding individuals over several years. Breeding occurrences include both the mating/pupping area and the surrounding waters used as feeding grounds by the fur seals during the mating season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Measured along shore or across straits. Distance arbitrary.","versionDate":"2021-09-22","versionAuthor":"Ormes, M.","versionNotes":"Needs review; based on Northern Fur Seal. However the Guadalupe Fur Seal does not migrate (per CAG): \"Remains in the vicinity of breeding area throughout the year, though wandering individuals are sighted regularly off the California coast.\"","lastModified":"2021-10-02T17:00:47.935461Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100800,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Investigate the effect of feral goats on Guadalupe Island.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102366,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:16.954655Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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