{"elementGlobalId":100772,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":null,"formattedScientificName":"<i>Regina grahamii</i>","scientificName":"Regina grahamii","scientificNameAuthor":"Baird and Girard, 1853","primaryCommonName":"Graham's Crawfish Snake","relatedItisNames":"<i>Regina grahamii</i> Baird and Girard, 1853 (TSN 174127)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100772","elcode":"ARADB27020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Regina grahamii</i>","taxonomicComments":"Using a multi-locus nuclear dataset, McVay and Carstens (2013) corroborated Alfaro and Arnold (2001) and Lawson (1985) in finding that <i>Regina </i>is polyphyletic, removing <i>R. rigida</i> and <i>R. alleni</i> to <i>Liodytes</i>. Furthermore, <i>R. grahamii</i> and <i>R. septemvittata</i> do not form a strongly supported monophyletic group. Pyron et al. (2013) found <i>R. grahamii</i> and <i>R. septemvittata</i> related to <i>Tropidoclonion</i>. Figueroa et al. (2016) found <i>grahamii </i>as sister to <i>Tropidoclonion </i>and <i>septemvittata </i>nested within <i>Nerodia</i>. Crother (2017) await further study before making any additional changes.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2006-09-03","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":161883,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United 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of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":14,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Many to very many (13 to >40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De varios a muchos casos (13 a >40) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup d’occurrences (de 13 à >40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from eastern Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois south to the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana (Webb 1970, Dundee and Rossman 1989, Conant and Collins 1991, Phillips et al. 1999, Johnson 2000, Werler and Dixon 2000, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Gibbons and Dorcas 2004, Trauth et al. 2004 ).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations) (see county distribution map in Gibbons and Dorcas 2004). Werler and Dixon (2000) mapped well over 100 collection sites in Texas alone.","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100,000. This snake is locally common in much of its range (Ernst and Ernst 2003). It is widespread but uncommon in Illinois (Phillips et al. 1999), locally abundant in Arkansas (Trauth et al. 2004), and locally abundant in a few places in Texas (Tennant 1998).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Without citing sources or details, Ernst and Ernst (2003) stated that pollution and acid rain have reduced crayfish populations and have caused drastic declines in populations of <i>R. grahamii</i>. <br><br>Threats in Arkansas include draining and alteration of wetlands, but this species is not endangered or threatened there (Trauth et al. 2004). <br><br>This snake often occurs in isolated colonies throughout its range (Werler and Dixon 2000); consequently, extirpated populations may not be readily reestablished through natural dispersal mechanisms.<br><br>Werler and Dixon (2000) reported that this snake may prosper in the face of expanding human development, and they noted  the persistence of this species in urban parklands in Missouri and Texas.<br><br>Overall, this species does not appear to be very threatened, but better information is needed on current trend and threats.","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and number of subpopulations probably are relatively stable; population size may be declining, but the rate of decline is unknown.","longTermTrendComments":"Ernst and Ernst (2003) stated that this snake is often locally common but \"loss of crayfish populations because of pollution and acid rain has reduced its numbers drastically.\"","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100772,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly, sometimes exclusively, molting or freshly molted crayfish (Seigel 1992); also frogs, snails, shrimp (Behler and King 1979).","animalPhenologyComments":"Nocturnal in hot summer weather, diurnal or crepuscular in spring and fall; in Missouri, mainly diurnal but also nocturnal in summer (Seigel 1992). Active March-November in Texas, April-October in Kansas, April-early November in northwestern Missouri (with peaks in early spring and late fall), February-August in Louisiana (Tennant 1984, Collins 1982, Seigel 1992).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":119,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":101027,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101028,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101029,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":101030,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":102009,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1203,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier does not apply to aquatic or wetland species); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Data are limited to only a few species, but small colubrid snakes such as Diadophis punctatus (Fitch 1975) and Carphophis amoenus (Barbour et al. 1969, Clark 1970) generally have relatively small home ranges less than, or much less than, 1 ha. However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100772,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102339,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:17:11.860978Z"}],"references":[{"id":107992,"citation":"Alfaro, M. E., and S. J. Arnold. 2001. Molecular systematics and evolution of Regina and the thamnophiine snakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21:408-423.","shortCitationAuthor":"Alfaro and Arnold","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01ALF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:44.492819Z"},{"id":1068026,"citation":"Anton, T. G. 2019. <i>Regina grahamii</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 920:1-40.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anton","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19ANT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:31.684924Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":120569,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. Second edition. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist., Pub. Ed. Ser. 8. xiii + 356 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:09.428867Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":121203,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1993. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. Third edition, revised. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Public Education Series No. 13. xx + 397 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:32.085702Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":132381,"citation":"Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dundee and Rossman","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89DUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.663271Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":154804,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., J. W. Gibbons, and M. E. Dorcas. 2002. Regina. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles 756:1-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:44.492819Z"},{"id":1068025,"citation":"Figueroa, A., A. D. McKelvy, L. L. Grismer, C. D. Bell, and S. P. Lailvaux. 2016. A species level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLoS ONE 11(9):e0161070.","shortCitationAuthor":"Figueroa et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16FIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:31.684924Z"},{"id":106832,"citation":"Fitch, H. S. 1970. Reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes. Univ. Kansas Museum Natural History Miscellaneous Publication 52:1-247.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fitch","shortCitationYear":1970,"referenceCode":"B70FIT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.69455Z"},{"id":473158,"citation":"Gibbons, J. W., and M. E. Dorcas. 2004. North American watersnakes: a natural history. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. xxvi + 439 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gibbons and Dorcas","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04GIB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:41.805268Z"},{"id":127606,"citation":"Johnson, T. R. 2000. The amphibians and reptiles of Missouri. Second edition. 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Field guide to amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Manual 8. xv + 282 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Phillips et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99PHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:32.085702Z"},{"id":1066991,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13PYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":105015,"citation":"Seigel, R. A. 1992. Ecology of a specialized predator: <i>Regina grahami </i>in Missouri. J. Herpetol. 26:32-37.","shortCitationAuthor":"Seigel","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92SEI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:03:31.684924Z"},{"id":124660,"citation":"Smith, P. W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. 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University of Arkansas Press.","shortCitationAuthor":"Trauth et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04TRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.163079Z"},{"id":124907,"citation":"Webb, R. G. 1970. Reptiles of Oklahoma. 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Brood size 5-16 (mean 11.6) in Missouri; one brood/year (Seigel 1992). Sexually mature in 2nd or 3rd year (Behler and King 1979, Fitch 1970, Tennant 1984).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"This snake inhabits sluggish streams, river-bottom sloughs, bayous, pond and lake margins, marshes, swamps, rice fields, and roadside ditches, often in water-edge vegetation, under shore debris, or in crayfish burrows (Johnson 2000, Werler and Dixon 2000, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Gibbons and Dorcas 2004, Trauth et al. 2004). 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