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Female and subadult ranges typically are much smaller than those of adult males. In Minnesota, females rarely dispersed from natal home range, males dispersed when 2-4 years old (Rogers 1987). In western North Carolina, neighboring individuals often used areas of overlap for same activities and at same time (Horner and Powell 1990). Home ranges of males averaged 505 hectares on Long Island, Washington (Lindzey and Meslow 1977), 5,200 hectares in northern Washington (Poelker and Hartwell 1973), 1,060 hectares in northwestern California (Kelleyhouse 1975) and 2,240 hectares in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California (Novick 1979). Home ranges in Idaho ranged from 1,660 to 13,030 hectares (Armstrup and Beecham 1976).","foodHabitsComments":"Opportunistic omnivore. Variable diet of plants and animals (vertebrates and invertebrates), commonly including fruits, insects, and carrion; also garbage. 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This distance based on a conservatively small male home range of 1000 hectares (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Major water barriers; arbitrarily set at those greater than 5 kilometers across.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Occurrences generally should be based on major occupied physiographic or ecogeographic units that are separated along areas of relatively low bear density or use (e.g., major urban areas, very rugged alpine ridges, very wide bodies of water). These units may be based on available bear sightings/records or on movements of radio-tagged individuals, or they may be based on the subjective determinations by biologists familiar with bears and their habitats. Where occupied habitat is exceptionally extensive and continuous, that habitat may be subdivided into multiple contiguous occurrences as long as that does not reduce the occurrence rank (i.e., do not split up an A occurrence into multiple occurrences that would be ranked less than A).","separationJustification":"Black bears are highly mobile and readily disperse hundreds of kilometers across many types of habitats; populations and metapopulations tend to encompass huge areas. For example, in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, genetic data indicate that northern Mexico was the source of bears that recently recolonized areas in western Texas (Onorato et al. 2004). Female-mediated gene flow is proceeding slowly in this system, but its occurrence was inferred via field observations. Long-distance colonization is the likely cause of extant geographical associations between New Mexican and Mexico-Texas populations (Onorato et al. 2004). The naturally fragmented, xeric environment of the Chihuahuan Desert impedes colonization but is not a complete barrier to this process (Onorato et al. 2004).<br><br>Hence, meaningful bear occurrences should represent large occupied landscape units, but these often will not be demographically isolated from other occurrences. Isolation would require huge separation distances that would yield impractically large occurrences.","versionDate":"2005-03-08","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. 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See also Herrero (1985), Williamson (n.d.), Darling and Archibald (1990), and Clark and Smith (1991) for management information.","monitoringMethods":"See Gibeau and Paquet (1991) for information on immobilization methods. <br><br>Layering of dental cementum in teeth collected from harvested bears can provide reasonably good accounts of present and past reproductive rates (Coy and Garshelis 1992).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":"\"Bait-station surveys are used in a number of states to detect population changes through time following procedures outlined by Johnson (1984)\" (Figg 1993).","managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102234,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:51.626308Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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