{"elementGlobalId":100626,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Plethodon cinereus</i>","scientificName":"Plethodon cinereus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Green, 1818)","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Red-Backed Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Plethodon cinereus</i> (Green, 1818) (TSN 173649)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100626","elcode":"AAAAD12020","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Plethodon cinereus</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2004-08-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162181,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":272428,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":272428,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388595,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388595,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388594,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388594,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":399119,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":399119,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":353304,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New Brunswick","nameFr":"Nouveau-Brunswick","subnationCode":"NB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":353304,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162181,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":168208,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":325680,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":325680,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404710,"subnation":{"id":55,"nameEn":"Vermont","nameEs":"Vermont","nameFr":"Vermont","subnationCode":"VT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404710,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388596,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388596,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":288900,"subnation":{"id":28,"nameEn":"Michigan","nameEs":"Michigan","nameFr":"Michigan","subnationCode":"MI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":288900,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":310901,"subnation":{"id":24,"nameEn":"Massachusetts","nameEs":"Massachusetts","nameFr":"Massachusetts","subnationCode":"MA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":310901,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311062,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311062,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":339567,"subnation":{"id":10,"nameEn":"District of Columbia","nameEs":"Distrito de Columbia","nameFr":"District de Columbia","subnationCode":"DC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":339567,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":289756,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":289756,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":386814,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":386814,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":362298,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":362298,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":357252,"subnation":{"id":29,"nameEn":"Minnesota","nameEs":"Minnesota","nameFr":"Minnesota","subnationCode":"MN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":357252,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":311081,"subnation":{"id":37,"nameEn":"New Hampshire","nameEs":"New Hampshire","nameFr":"New Hampshire","subnationCode":"NH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":311081,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":328646,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328646,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":277564,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":277564,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":315122,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":315122,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":337213,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":337213,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":355591,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":355591,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":303998,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":303998,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":344884,"subnation":{"id":57,"nameEn":"Wisconsin","nameEs":"Wisconsin","nameFr":"Wisconsin","subnationCode":"WI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":344884,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":328584,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":328584,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":365684,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":365684,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":281836,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":281836,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":359712,"subnation":{"id":9,"nameEn":"Connecticut","nameEs":"Connecticut","nameFr":"Connecticut","subnationCode":"CT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":359712,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168208,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:34:09.790957Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100626/Plethodon_cinereus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2001-11-09","grankReviewDate":"2016-05-10","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100626,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":34,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000 to >2,500,000 square km (about 80,000 to >1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a >2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a >1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à >2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à >1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Minnesota and western Ontario to southern Quebec and Newfoundland, south to North Carolina and northeastern Tennessee (Conant and Collins 1991, Petranka 1998). Ranges to elevations of at least 4,800 feet (1,463 m) in West Virginia.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 1,000,000.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Intensive timber harvest causes major declines in abundance (deMaynadier and Hunter 1995). Negative impacts of intensive timber harvesting extend at least 25-35 m into uncut forest (deMaynadier and Hunter 1998). Roads negatively impact salamander abundance in roadside habitat and may serve as partial barriers to movement (deMaynadier and Hunter 2000). However, these factors do not pose a major threat to the global population.","shortTermTrendComments":"Likely stable in extent of occurrence and probably stable to slightly declining in population size, area of occupancy, and number/condition of occurrences.","longTermTrendComments":"Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, probably less than 25% decline in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100626,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Feeds opportunistically on a wide variety of small terrestrial invertebrates. Occasionally cannibalistic. Brooding females probably do not actively forage but may feed opportunistically (Ng and Wilbur, 1995, Herpetologica 51:1-8).","animalPhenologyComments":"Generally inactive in dry weather and in coldest months but may be active in mild weather in winter.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":13,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100926,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100927,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101844,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1234,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Terrestrial Plethodontid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway, especially with high traffic volume at night; major river or lake; other totally inappropriate habitat that the salamanders cannot traverse.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These salamanders rarely successfully cross roadways that have heavy traffic volume at night, when most movements occur. Rivers and lakes pose formidable impediments to movement and generally function as barriers, with the effect increasing with river and lake size. Treatment of these as barriers or unsuitable habitat is a subjective determination.<br><br>Compared to larger ambystomatid salamanders, the movements of plethodontids are poorly documented, but it is clear that home ranges tend to be very small (e.g., Marvin 2001), on the order of a few meters to a few dozen meters in diameter. For example, Welsh and Lind (1992) found that over six months, 66% of Plethodon elongatus males and 80% of females recaptured were in the same 7.5 x 7.5 m grid, and the maximum distance moved was 36.2 m. D. Clayton (pers. comm 1998) estimated that average home ranges may be  as small as one square meter. Yet, on occasion, dispersing plethodontids likely travel at least several hundred meters. The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the limited movements of these salamanders, tempered by their tendency to occur throughout patches of suitable habitat and the likely low probability that two locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.<br>","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:00.737752Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100626,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102199,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:44.001018Z"}],"references":[{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":140525,"citation":"Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1998. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition, expanded. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 616 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98CON01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:57.819328Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":115940,"citation":"DeGraaf, R. M., and D. D. Rudis. 1983a. Amphibians and reptiles of New England. Habitats and natural history. Univ. Massachusetts Press. vii + 83 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeGraaf and Rudis","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":132765,"citation":"deMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 1995. The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: a review of the North American literature. Environmental Reviews 3(3&4):230-261.","shortCitationAuthor":"deMaynadier and Hunter","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95DEM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"},{"id":763411,"citation":"DeMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 1998. Effects of silvicultural edges on the distribution and abundance of amphibians in Maine. Conservation Biology 12:340-352.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeMaynadier and Hunter","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98DEM61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:35.663606Z"},{"id":118669,"citation":"deMaynadier, P. G., and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 2000. Road effects on amphibian movements in a forested landscape. Natural Areas Journal 20:56-65.","shortCitationAuthor":"deMaynadier and Hunter","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00DEM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"},{"id":108100,"citation":"Frisbie, M. P., and R. L. Wyman. 1992. The effect of soil chemistry on sodium balance in the red-backed salamander; a comparison of two forest types. J. Herpetol. 26:434-442.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frisbie and Wyman","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92FRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"},{"id":119796,"citation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85FRO01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":1107241,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2021. Amphibian Species of the World (ASW): an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost ASW","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"W21FRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:46:24.984415Z"},{"id":109054,"citation":"Green, N. B., and T. K. Pauley. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. xi + 241 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Green and Pauley","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87GRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1047254,"citation":"Highton, R., A. P. Hatings, C. Palmer, R. Watts, C. A. Hass, M. Culver, and S. J. Arnold. 2012. Concurrent speciation in the eastern woodland salamanders (genus <i>Plethodon</i>): DNA sequences of the complete albumin nuclear and partial mitochondrial 12s genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63:278–290.","shortCitationAuthor":"Highton et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12HIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:22:18.969361Z"},{"id":1101486,"citation":"Lehtinen, R. M., A. F. Steratore, M. M. Eyre, E. S. Cassagnol, M. L. Stern, and H. A. Edgington. 2016. Identification of widespread hybridization between two terrestrial salamanders using morphology, coloration, and molecular markers. Copeia 2016:132-139.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lehtinen et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16LEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T03:53:00.1478Z"},{"id":130436,"citation":"Mahoney, M. J. 2001. Molecular systematics of <i>Plethodon </i>and <i>Aneides </i>(Caudata: Plethodontini): phylogenetic analysis of an old and rapid radiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 18:174-188.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mahoney","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01MAH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":1101490,"citation":"Page, R. B., C. Conarroe, D. Quintanilla, A. Palomo, J. Solis, A. Aguilar, K. Bezold, A. M. Sackman, and D. M. Marsh. 2020. Genetic variation in <i>Plethodon cinereus</i> and <i>Plethodon hubrichti</i> from in and around a contact zone. Ecology and Evolution 10:9948-9967.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T03:53:00.1478Z"},{"id":113869,"citation":"Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Petranka","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98PET01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.397371Z"},{"id":115388,"citation":"Smith, P.W. 1963. <i>Plethodon cinereus</i>. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 5:1-3.","shortCitationAuthor":"Smith","shortCitationYear":1963,"referenceCode":"A63SMI01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:40:35.127056Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"},{"id":145748,"citation":"Wyman, R. L. 1988. Soil acidity and moisture and the distribution of amphibians in five forests of southcentral New York. Copeia 1988:394-399.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wyman","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88WYM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"},{"id":120317,"citation":"Wyman, R. L., and J. Jancola. 1992. Degree and scale of terrestrial acidification and amphibian community structure. J. Herpetol. 26:392-401.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wyman and Jancola","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92WYM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:21.398711Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136036,"name":"Eastern Red-backed Salamander","language":"EN"},{"id":145474,"name":"redback salamander","language":"EN"},{"id":134831,"name":"Salamandre cendrée","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100626,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Plethodontidae","genus":"Plethodon","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":101645,"synonym":"Plethodon cinereus polycentratus","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Plethodon cinereus polycentratus</i>"},{"id":101876,"synonym":"Plethodon cinereus serratus","synonymAuthor":null,"formattedSynonym":"<i>Plethodon cinereus serratus</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":103316,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103316","formattedScientificName":"<i>Plethodon cinereus cinereus</i>","scientificName":"Plethodon cinereus cinereus","primaryCommonName":"Redback Salamander","nsxUrl":null}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000765"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100626,"reproductionComments":"Lays a clutch of up to about 15 eggs, mostly in June or July. Female remains with eggs until hatching in 6-9 weeks (usually August or September); additional individual (probably male) may occur with attending female (Friet 1995, Herpetol. Rev. 26:198-199). Larval stage passed in egg. Female may attend hatchling for up to a few weeks after hatching. Sexually maturity reportedly occurs in about 2-3 years. Adult males exhibit courtship behavior annually in spring and fall; females apparently breed biennially.","ecologyComments":"Territorial. Home range generally less than a few meters across. This species often is the most abundant vertebrate throughout its range; attains densities of up to at least 2500/ha.","habitatComments":"Damp microhabitats in wooded areas; inside logs, under leaf litter, or under surface objects during day. Goes underground during freezing or hot, dry weather. In New York, tended to be absent where soil pH was less than 3.8; much more abundant in beech forest than in hemlock forest (Wyman 1988, Wyman and Jancola 1992, Frisbie and Wyman 1992). Lays eggs in cavity in log or stump or under rock or other objects on ground.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-105199,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105200,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105201,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105202,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105203,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105204,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101229,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[{"predecessorId":110621,"elCode":"AAAAD12021","name":"Plethodon cinereus cinereus","formattedName":"<i>Plethodon cinereus cinereus</i>","classficationCode":null,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103316","lineageDate":null,"nsxUrl":null}],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18440,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":18441,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":22,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Logging & wood harvesting","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":360,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":null,"iucnThreatSeverity":null,"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}