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little immediate threat to species. Apparently declining in western Canadian Arctic.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100602,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Breeding range extends from Alaska across the Arctic to Labrador and Greenland and south to Maine and New Hampshire; from Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Spitsbergen, and Franz Josef Land south to northern British Isles, northern Europe, and southern Scandinavia; and from Wrangel Island, New Siberian Islands, and northeastern Siberia south to Kamchatka and Commander Islands. Winter range in western North America extends from the ice pack south to the Aleutian Islands and Cook inlet and on the Pacific coast south to Washington and Oregon. Winter range in in eastern North America is in Hudson and James bays and from Labrador south to Long Island (New York). Winter range in the western Palearctic extends from the breeding range south to central Europe; and in eastern Eurasia south to Kamchatka (AOU 1998). In North America, concentrations occur around Cape Cod and Penobscot Bay, Maine (Root 1988). In the early 1990s, USFWS Winter Sea Duck Survey found the highest densities in Maine and Massachusetts (Kehoe 1994).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"No data available.","popSizeComments":"In mid-1970's, North American population estimated at 1.5 to 2 million and winter population of western Europe and west Siberia estimated at 2 million; no estimates available for large populations in eastern Asia (Madge and Burn 1988). In northeastern North America, average annual fall flight in the mid-1980s tentatively was estimated at 311,000-376,000 birds (Krohn et al. 1992, Kehoe 1994); the annual number of nesting pairs in the mid-1990s was estimated at 71,000, with approximately 60% nesting in eastern Canada and 40% in Maine (Krohn et al. 1992). Breeding population in Maine was estimated at about 25,000 pairs in the late 1980s (Blumton et al. 1988), 28,000 pairs in 1989 (Krohn et al. 1992).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"In the 19th century, nearly extirpated south of the Gulf of St. Lawrence due to egging and overharvest (Kehoe 1994). In northeastern North America, potential threats include increased hunting, coastal development, and commercial harvesting of eider foods (Krohn et al. 1992, Kehoe 1994, Kehoe 1996). At Cape Cod, Massachusetts, large numbers drowned after becoming entangled in nets surrounding clam culture floats (Hoopes 1992). Potential exists for mortality due to oil spills, particularly when birds concentrated in winter (Madge and Burn 1988).","shortTermTrendComments":"Apparently significant declines in northern Alaska and the western Canadian Arctic, where standardized migration counts show a decline of 53% between 1976 and 1996 (Suydam et al. 2000). Possibly declining in eastern Siberia (Madge and Burn 1988). Increasing in St. Lawrence River estuary and gulf region (Hyslop and Kennedy 1992, Chapdelaine and Brousseau 1992). Periodic surveys in Maine suggest a population increase during 1960-1980; the number wintering in the eastern U.S. increased from about 59,000 in the 1960s to more than 126,000 in the 1980s; the population now appears to be stabilizing (Krohn et al. 1992). Data from the mid-winter inventory show a statistically significant increase from 1961 to 1994 for the DRESSERI race in coastal waters of the Atlantic Flyway (Kehoe 1996). European populations generally increasing (Madge and Burn 1988).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":"Regular monitoring of wintering populations in major non-breeding areas should be instituted and/or continued.","numberProtEosComments":"No data available.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100602,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Some populations do not migrate, and in other populations migration may be partially facultative, depending on conditions. A nonmigratory population occurs in Hudson Bay, Ontario and Quebec (Bellrose 1980). Part of the female population in Maine is migratory, part is resident on or near breeding area (see Blumton et al. 1988).<br><br>Spring migration generally begins in March and extends into April for early nesters and to mid-June in arctic nesters. During June and July, males depart from breeding areas to molt (immatures and nonbreeding females may also undertake such migrations). Fall migration varies regionally but occurs mainly in October and November, though females and young may begin moving toward wintering areas in late August-early September(Johnson and Herter 1989). By mid-December most wintering populations have peaked in numbers.<br><br>Populations that nest in different areas (e.g., St. Lawrence Estuary, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Atlantic coast) share the same wintering range (Krohn et al. 1992).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly mollusks and crustaceans. Often feeds in fairly shallow waters around submerged ledges and reefs of rocky shores. In winter in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, feeds on small blue mussels in kelp beds, on green sea urchins over urchin barrens, and on spider crabs and urchins over AGARUM beds (Guillemette et al. 1992). <br><br>Females do not feed during incubation; during initial part of breeding period, uses nutritional reserves accumulated in winter and in staging areas.","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":61,"width":null,"weight":2218,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101819,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1067,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"Most home ranges too small to justify an inferred extent.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Little information on breeding home ranges; separation distance somewhat arbitrary. Territories not defended in eiders, but goldeneyes defend small (0.18 to 1.45 hectares) territories (Eadie et al. 2000). Philopatry to breeding area strong in Common Eider (Reed 1975, Wakeley and Mendall 1976, Swennen 1990), and Spectacled Eider (Grand and Flint 1997).","versionDate":"2001-05-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of the tribes Aythini, Mergini and Oxyurini.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:26.34749Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1069,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":"Molting area, Migration staging area, Wintering area, Non-breeding feeding concentration area, Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of molting, staging, or wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/square kilometer in appropriate habitat. For wintering occurrences, it would be preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":"Map roosting and feeding areas with separate polygons in same EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Fidelity to molting sites (one or two lakes) high in Barrow's Goldeneye (van de Wetering 1997); fidelity to wintering sites probably high in Barrow's Goldeneye (Savard 1985). Separation distance somewhat arbitrary, set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2001-03-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of the tribes Aythini, Mergini and Oxyurini.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:26.34749Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1068,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Diving Ducks and Sea Ducks","subtypes":"Staging area, Foraging area, Roosting area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating or staging flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds/square kilometer in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2001-03-21","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:32:08.873547Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100602,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"Krohn et al. (1992) recommended that the western Atlantic population be managed as one unit. <br><br>A major management concern in Maine is reducing human disturbance on nesting islands (disturbance results in increased loss of eggs to predators (see Blumton et al. 1988, Kehoe 1994). <br><br>In Atlantic Canada and Quebec, artificial nesting platforms are being used to minimize nest predation on certain nesting islands; effectiveness of platforms is unknown (Kehoe 1994).","monitoringMethods":"Kehoe (1994) recommended that a survey of breeding eiders be implemented and continued for at least three years to develop a reliable population bench mark; effort should be coordinated among several jurisdictions; counting adult males from a fixed wing aircraft shortly after nest initiation is a reliable census method; also, annual productivity estimates should be derived from segments of the breeding range.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"More reliable and uniform rangewide population data are needed to establish useful management goals for the western Atlantic population (Krohn et al. 1992).","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102175,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:38.563431Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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Rep. 82(10.149). 24 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blumton et al.","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88BLU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":149710,"citation":"Chapdelaine, G., and P. Brousseau. 1992. Distribution, abundance, and changes of seabird populations of the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, 1979-1989. Can. field-Nat. 106:427-434.","shortCitationAuthor":"Chapdelaine and Brousseau","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92CHA03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":117485,"citation":"Eadie, J. M., L.-P. L. Savard, and M. L. Mallory. 2000 Barrow's Goldeneye (BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA). No. 548 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Eadie et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00EAD01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.366286Z"},{"id":150977,"citation":"Grand, J.B., and P.L. Flint. 1997. Productivity of nesting Spectacled Eiders on the lower Kashunuk River, Alaska. Condor 100:926-932.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grand and Flint","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97GRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"},{"id":109096,"citation":"Guillemette, M., J. H. Himmelman, and C. Barette. 1993. Habitat selection by common eiders in winter and its interaction with flock size. Can. J. Zool. 71:1259-1266.","shortCitationAuthor":"Guillemette et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93GUI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":139381,"citation":"Guillemette, M., R. C. Ydenberg, and J. H. Himmelman. 1992. The role of energy intake rate in prey and habitat selection of common eiders SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA in winter: a risk-sensitive interpretation. J. Anim. Ecol. 61:599-610.","shortCitationAuthor":"Guillemette et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92GUI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":144245,"citation":"Hoopes, E. M. 1992. Entanglement of common eifders in clam culture nets, Bird Observer 20(5):258-259.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hoopes","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92HOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":117341,"citation":"Hyslop, C., and J. Kennedy, editors. 1992. Bird trends: a report on results of national ornithological surveys in Canada. Number 2, Autumn 1992. Migratory Birds Conservation Division, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa, Ontario. 20 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hyslop and Kennedy","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92HYS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.945016Z"},{"id":116541,"citation":"Johnson, S. R. and D. R. Herter. 1989. The Birds of the Beaufort Sea. BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. 372 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Johnson and Herter","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89JOH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.8767Z"},{"id":131226,"citation":"Kehoe, F.P. 1996. Trends in sea duck numbers in eastern North America. Bird Trends 5:13-15.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kehoe","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96KEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":107952,"citation":"Kehoe, P., compiler and editor. 1994. Status and information needs of sea ducks in the Atlantic Flyway. Prepared by the Ad Hoc Sea Duck Committee. 71+ pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kehoe","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"U94KEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":139203,"citation":"Krohn, W. B., P. O. Corr, and A. E. Hutchinson. 1992. Status of the American eider with special reference to northern New England. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Research 12. 12 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Krohn et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92KRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":149974,"citation":"Madge, S., and H. Burn. 1988. Waterfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 298 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Madge and Burn","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88MAD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.366286Z"},{"id":130607,"citation":"Palmer, R. S., editor. 1976. Handbook of North American birds. Vol. 3. Waterfowl (concluded). Eiders, wood ducks,diving ducks, mergansers, stifftails. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. 560 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Palmer","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"B76PAL02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"},{"id":158711,"citation":"Poole, A. F. and F. B. Gill. 1992. The birds of North America. The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. and The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Poole and Gill","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92POO0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":152937,"citation":"Reed, A. 1975. Migration, homing, and mortality of breeding female eiders SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA DRESSERI of the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec. Ornis Scand. 6:41-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reed","shortCitationYear":1975,"referenceCode":"A75REE01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.366286Z"},{"id":101852,"citation":"Root, T. 1988. Atlas of wintering North American birds: An analysis of Christmas Bird Count data. University of Chicago Press. 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Root","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"B88ROO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:16.673564Z"},{"id":125985,"citation":"Schmutz, J. K., R. J. Robertson, and F. Cooke. 1983. Colonial nesting of the Hudson Bay eider duck. Can. J. Zool. 61:2424-2433.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schmutz et al.","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83SCH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:16.758193Z"},{"id":113311,"citation":"Suydam, R. S., D. L. Dickson, J. B. Fadely, and L. T. Quakenbush. 2000. Population declines of King and Common Eiders of the Beaufort Sea. Condor 102:219-222.","shortCitationAuthor":"Suydam et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00SUY01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"},{"id":150690,"citation":"Swennen, C. 1990. Dispersal and migratory movements of eiders SOMATERIA MOLLISSIMA breeding in the Netherlands. Ornis Scand. 21:17-27.","shortCitationAuthor":"Swennen","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90SWE01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"},{"id":148565,"citation":"Terres, J. K. 1980. The Audubon Society encyclopedia of North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Terres","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80TER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.657866Z"},{"id":122107,"citation":"van de Wetering, D. 1997. Moult characteristics and habitat selection of post-breeding male Barrow's Goldeneye (BUCEPHALA ISLANDICA) in northern Yukon. Technical Report Series No. 296, Canadian Wildlife Service, Quebec Region.","shortCitationAuthor":"van de Wetering","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"N97VAN01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"},{"id":148129,"citation":"Wakeley, J. S., and H. L. Mendall. 1976. Migrational homing and survival of adult female eiders in Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 40:15-21.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wakeley and Mendall","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76WAK01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.35067Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":112911,"name":"Eider à duvet","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100602,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":4,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Birds","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1070},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Aves","taxorder":"Anseriformes","family":"Anatidae","genus":"Somateria","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":1384639,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384639","formattedScientificName":"<i>Somateria mollissima v-nigrum</i>","scientificName":"Somateria mollissima v-nigrum","primaryCommonName":"Pacific Common Eider","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384639/Somateria_mollissima_v-nigrum"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":null,"ebarGlobalScope":null,"ebarKbaGroup":"Birds","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000868"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100602,"reproductionComments":"Nesting in Maine occurs from late April to early July. Nesting in the Beaufort Sea region begins in mid- to late June (Johnson and Herter 1989). Clutch size averages 3-5. Incubation, by the female, lasts 24-30 days. The female relies on endogenous energy reserves during incubation. Eggs hatch mainly mid- to late July (sometimes into August) in the region arctic of Alaska and Canada. Young are led to water soon after hatching, are tended by the female, soon join young of other broods, and are independent at around 60-75 days). Female first breeds at 2-3 years, generally not until at least 3 years old. Females rarely renest if the clutch is lost, unless loss occurs during laying or early incubation. <br><br>Common eiders commonly nest in loose aggregations or colonies (usually a few dozen pairs, but up to several thousand pairs in some areas). Females commonly deposit eggs in the nests of other females. <br><br>Female common eiders that nested successfully lead their young to water and may be accompanied by nonbreeding females that participate in chick protection. Broods often join to form \"crèches\" of up to many dozens of young. Once formed, a crèche tends to stay together throughout the brood rearing period, although some of the adult females attending it may depart.","ecologyComments":"Predation by herring gull and great black-backed gull causes most nesting failures on islands in Maine, but eider nesting success may be enhanced in nests close to a gull colony (gulls defend area against other avian pradators). Arctic fox is sometimes an important predator on nesters in Alaska. Ravens, raccoons, and mink sometimes destroy nests. Annual survivorship of adult generally is relatively high, with sport hunting likely the major cause of mortality in the Atlantic flyway (Kehoe 1994).","habitatComments":"Nonbreeding habitat includes rocky seacoasts, bays, and estuaries. Rocks, sandbars, and ice are used as resting sites. In winter in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eiders concentrated in areas with shallow water reefs and high prey density (Guillemette et al. 1993). Most migration is coastal. Nests are on the ground in grass or brush, usually close to salt water, often on an island or rocky headland or along the shore of a pond or lagoon. Nests often but not always are concealed by plants (forest, shrub, or herbaceous), rocks, logs, driftwood. Often nests are in the same site in successive years. See Blumton et al. (1988) for habitat suitability index model.","generalDescription":"This is a heavy-bodied duck with a relatively short, stout neck and distinctive long triangular (wedge-shaped) bill and head profile. From fall through early summer, adult males have a black crown, greenish rear of head, dark or yellow bill, black underparts, white upperparts and chest, black tail and area around the tail. From summer to fall, adult males are dark brown to blackish overall, with a pale brown stripe through the, brown breats with white flecking, back feathers white with black edges. Immature males are similar to females but have a white chest. Adult females are dark gray to rusty-brown, with fine black barring that forms lines on the flanks.","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[{"cagMarineHabId":-100238,"marineHabitat":{"id":3,"marineHabitatDescEn":"Near shore","marineHabitatDescEs":"Cercano a la costa","marineHabitatDescFr":"Côtier","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-105178,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":13,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tundra","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Toundra","displayOrder":15}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101214,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100309,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":1,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Bay/sound","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Bahía/Estrecho","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Baie/détroit","displayOrder":1}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100310,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":2,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"River mouth/tidal river","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Desembocadura del río/río de marea","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Embouchure/rivière à marées","displayOrder":2}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100311,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":3,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Lagoon","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Laguna","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Lagune","displayOrder":3}},{"cagEstuarineHabId":-100312,"estuarineHabitat":{"id":5,"estuarineHabitatDescEn":"Herbaceous wetland","estuarineHabitatDescEs":"Humedal herbáceo","estuarineHabitatDescFr":"Terre humide herbacée","displayOrder":5}}]},"primaryReference":{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":14408,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":3,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Low: In the long-term future, or now suspended but could return in long term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Low (long-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"threatImpactCalc":null},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":14409,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":48,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Habitat shifting & alteration","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.1 - Habitat shifting & alteration","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":850,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":3,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"Low: In the long-term future, or now suspended but could return in long term","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Low (long-term)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"threatImpactCalc":null}]}