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The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of spadefoots, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.<br><br>Adults tend to exhibit high fidelity to breeding sites. For example, in Florida, inter-pond exchange of adults was minimal and short-distance (130 m; one was 416 m) (Greenberg and Tanner 2005), but recaptures were rare and some dispersals may have been missed. Additionally metamorphs may disperse large distances and probably sometimes eventually breed in distant non-natal pools. 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Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":128007,"citation":"Sattler, P. W. 1985. Introgressive hybridization between the spadefoot toads <i>Scaphiopus bombifrons</i> and <i>S. multiplicatus</i> (Salientia: Pelobatidae). Copeia 1985:324-332.","shortCitationAuthor":"Sattler","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85SAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T03:52:38.257231Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":113809,"citation":"Tanner, W. W. 1989. Status of <i>Spea stagnalis</i> Cope (1875), <i>Spea intermontanus</i> Cope (1889), and a systematic review of <i>Spea hammondii</i> Baird (1839) (Amphibia: Anura). Great Basin Nat. 49:503-510.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tanner","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89TAN02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T02:45:26.343997Z"},{"id":149059,"citation":"Wiens, J. J., and T. A. Titus. 1991. A phylogenetic analysis of <i>Spea </i>(Anura: Pelobatidae). Herpetologica 47:21-28.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wiens and Titus","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91WIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:45.742162Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":134833,"name":"Crapaud des plaines","language":"FR"},{"id":206853,"name":"Pied-bêche des plaines","language":"FR"},{"id":136042,"name":"Plains Spadefoot Toad","language":"EN"},{"id":145447,"name":"plains spadefoot toad","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100558,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":6,"cosewicDescEn":"Not at Risk","cosewicDescEs":"No está en riesgo","cosewicDescFr":"Non en péril","cosewicCode":"NAR"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Anura","family":"Scaphiopodidae","genus":"Spea","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":"2003-05-01","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for Designation: Despite continuing loss of native grassland habitat and degradation of the wetlands necessary for reproduction, the maintenance of large areas of more southern portions of its range in grazing reserves and recent reports of occurrence in its extensive range indicate that this species is more secure than previous information would have indicated.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Not at Risk in May 2003. More recently (2015) considered a medium priority candidate for re-assessment.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":102079,"synonym":"Scaphiopus bombifrons","synonymAuthor":"Cope, 1863","formattedSynonym":"<i>Scaphiopus bombifrons</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000739"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100558,"reproductionComments":"Almost all feeding and breeding activity occur during and shortly after heavy spring and summer rains. Breeding choruses usually last about 2 days. Females divide their clutch among several egg clusters. Eggs and larvae develop quickly, and toadlets leave the pools in 2-11 weeks, if breeding pools do not dry up sooner than this.","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Plains spadefoots inhabit shrublands, grasslands, and semi-desert areas, usually in areas with friable soils. They burrow underground or occupy rodent burrows when inactive. Females attach eggs to vegetation in shallow water of temporary pools or flooded areas, and sometimes permanent waters, especially those that fluctuate greatly in size.","generalDescription":"Pupil vertically elongate in bright light; a single hard, wedge-shaped \"spade\" on each hind foot; hard lump between eyes, slightly forward of an imaginary line crossing the middle of both eyes; dorsum often with a roughly hourglass-shaped marking (four light lines; often absent in smaller individuals); anterior ends of the arched frontoparietal bones elevated and rough/pitted (dissection required); maximum snout-vent length about 6 cm. Mature male: dark patches on inner 2-3 fingers during the breeding season; expanded vocal sac slightly bilobed; breeding call: a brief snore, much faster than the long, stuttering snore of the New Mexico spadefoot. Larvae: dorsum brown or green to whitish, or mottled gray and dull olive yellow, usually of pale appearance, sometimes with bluish iridescence; dorsal fin clear or with sparse yellowish and gray mottling/flecks; ventral fin clear or mainly clear with sparse yellow flecks; body globular; eyes dorsal; belly iridescent golden, gut coil not visible (large larvae); mandibles frequently cusped, lower mandible not striated; jaw muscles sometimes greatly hypertrophied and may bulge from the sides of the face in front of the eyes; labial tooth rows 0/0 to 6/6, mostly 4/4 or 3/4; oral papillae completely encircle mouth (dorsal gap may be present); anus on midline at front end of ventral tail fin; usually up to 7 cm total length, sometimes up to 9.5 cm. Eggs: black above, white below, diameter 1.5-1.6 mm, surrounded by two jelly envelopes, in elliptical masses of about 10-250. Source: Hammerson (1999).","diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-105138,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105139,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105140,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105141,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105142,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":19,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cropland/hedgerow","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tierras cultivadas/cerco vivo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terre cultivée/haie","displayOrder":22}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101197,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":1,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"TEMPORARY POOL","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"PISCINA TEMPORAL","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"BASSIN TEMPORAIRE","displayOrder":1}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101198,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}