{"elementGlobalId":100532,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus cerastes</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus cerastes","scientificNameAuthor":"Hallowell, 1854","primaryCommonName":"Sidewinder","relatedItisNames":"<i>Crotalus cerastes</i> Hallowell, 1854 (TSN 174311)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100532","elcode":"ARADE02030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","conceptName":"<i>Crotalus cerastes</i>","taxonomicComments":"The traditional view of rattlesnake taxonomy that recognizes the two monophyletic sister genera <i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g. Brattstrom 1964) has recently been challenged. Stille (1987) and McCranie (1988) presented data that suggested <i>Sistrurus </i>is not monophyletic and rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Parkinson (1999) found <i>Sistrurus </i>monophyletic but its position rendered <i>Crotalus </i>paraphyletic. Knight et al. (1993) used mtDNA to defend the traditional generic taxonomy, but in order to do so ignored the most parsimonious tree. The genus <i>Crotalus </i>is monophyletic when including the Mexican <i>C. ravus</i> (Murphy et al. 2002), and is supported as such in most recent phylogenies, as well as being the sister taxon to a monophyletic <i>Sistrurus </i>(e.g., Pyron et al. 2013) (Crother 2017).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2023-07-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2006); rev. R. L. Gundy (2023)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162323,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N5","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":329046,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":329046,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404883,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404883,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396365,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396365,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":281200,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":281200,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N5","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162323,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:33:50.639966Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100532/Crotalus_cerastes","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-10-31","grankReviewDate":"2023-07-23","grankReasons":"Sidewinders are found from east-central California to southwestern Utah south to northwestern Mexico. No major threats are known, although vehicle strikes are a threat in some parts of its range. They are considered abundant and populations appear to be stable.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100532,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":11,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to many (4-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De unas pocas a varias ocurrencias (4 a 40) protegidas y debidamente controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"De quelques à plusieurs occurrences (de 4 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from southeastern California, southern Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah south through southwestern Arizona in the United States to northeastern Baja California and northwestern Sonora, and Isla Tiburon, Mexico (Grismer 2002, Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). In Sonora, this species occurs north and west of the Nogales-Hermosillo-Guaymas highway, with the heaviest concentration in the Desierto de Altar (Armstrong and Murphy 1979). The elevational range extends from below sea level to about 6,000 feet (1,830 meters) (Stebbins 2003), but most localities are below 1,200 meters (Campbell and Lamar 2004).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences.","popSizeComments":"Adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100,000. This snake is locally common in suitable habitat (Leavitt and Grimsley 2019).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences across its range have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"No major rangewide threats are known. Vehicle strikes are a significant threat where roads with high traffic levels cross suitable habitat (Jones et al. 2011).","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size probably are relatively stable.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Several to many occurrences are in protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100532,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In the eastern Mojave Desert, moved seasonally up to several hundred meters between sand-alluvium hibernation areas and sandy summer habitat (Secor 1994).","foodHabitsComments":"Preys mainly on lizards, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, and other small mammals. In many areas lizards are most important. Occasionally takes small birds and snakes.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive in cold temperatures and extreme heat. Primarily nocturnal, retreats to cover during the day; in spring and fall, diurnal activity may occur in early morning or late afternoon. Active mainly February-November in extreme southern California, probably active all year at southern end of range (Klauber 1972, Ernst 1992). In the eastern Mojave Desert, California, initiates activity in March or April, ends activity in October or November; activity peaks occur in May-June and late September or October (Secor, in Ernst 1992). In Mexico, a peak in activity occurs in late May and early June, especially in the hours just after sundown (Armstrong and Murphy 1979).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":82,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100878,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100879,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101760,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1386,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Suitable habitat within 1 km of a point location of this species is likely to be occupied.","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river with consistently fast flow; densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"In the eastern Mojave Desert, individuals moved seasonally up to several hundred meters between sand-alluvium hibernation areas and sandy summer habitat (Secor 1994). Snakes commonly shifted their centers of activity seasonally. Activity range averaged 20 ha (Secor 1994, 1995). A 20-ha home range that is about twice as long as wide would be about 1 km in maximum dimension. It seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.<br>","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:06.492302Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100532,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102107,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:24.688401Z"}],"references":[{"id":101514,"citation":"Armstrong, B. L., and J. B. Murphy. 1979. The natural history of Mexican rattlesnakes. Univ. Kansas Museum Natural History Special Publication. No. 5. vii + 88 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Armstrong and Murphy","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79ARM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1067030,"citation":"Brattstrom, B. H. 1964. Evolution of the pit vipers. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 13(11):185-268.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brattstrom","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"A64BRA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":150783,"citation":"Brown, T. W., and H. B. Lillywhite. 1992. Autecology of the Mojave Desert sidewinder, <i>Crotalus cerastes</i>, at Kelso Dunes, Mojave Desert, California, USA. Pages 279-308 in J. A. Campbell and E. D. Brodie, Jr., editors. Biology of the pitvipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.","shortCitationAuthor":"Brown and Lillywhite","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92BRO06NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:50.621816Z"},{"id":130685,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and E. D. Brodie, Jr., editors. 1992. Biology of the pit vipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Brodie","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":130385,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 1989. The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Comstock Publ. Associates, Division of Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. xii + 425 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Lamar","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":381359,"citation":"Campbell, J. A., and W. W. Lamar. 2004. The venomous reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Cornell University Press.","shortCitationAuthor":"Campbell and Lamar","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"B04CAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":124442,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 1992. Venomous reptiles of North America. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. ix + 236 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":169022,"citation":"Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Ernst","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":154820,"citation":"Gloyd, H. 1940. The rattlesnakes. Chicago Academy Science, Special Publication No. 4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gloyd","shortCitationYear":1940,"referenceCode":"B40GLO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":463781,"citation":"Grismer, L. L. 2002. Amphibians and reptiles of Baja California including its Pacific islands and islands in the Sea of Cortes.  University of California Press, Berkeley. xiii + 399 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grismer","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"B02GRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":115235,"citation":"Klauber, L. M. 1972. Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind. Second edition. Two volumes. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.","shortCitationAuthor":"Klauber","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72KLA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":148929,"citation":"Knight, A., D. Styer, S. Pelikan, J. A. Campbell, L. D. Densmore III, and D. P. Mindell. 1993. Choosing among hypotheses of rattlesnake phylogeny: a best-fit rate test for DNA sequence data. Systematic Biology 42(3):356-367.","shortCitationAuthor":"Knight et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93KNI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":121325,"citation":"Lowe, C. H., C. R. Schwalbe, and T. B. Johnson. 1986. The venomous reptiles of Arizona. Arizona Game and Fish Department. ix + 115 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lowe et al.","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86LOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":113620,"citation":"McCranie, J. R. 1988. Description of the hemipenis of <i>Sistrurus ravus </i>(Serpentes: Viperidae). Herpetologica 44:123-126.","shortCitationAuthor":"McCranie","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88MCC02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":1067034,"citation":"Murphy, R. W., J. Fu, and A. Lathrop. 2002. Phylogeny of the rattlesnakes (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) inferred from sequences of five mitochondrial DNA genes. Pages 69-92 in G. W. Schuett, M. Hoggren, M. E. Douglas, and H. W. Greene, editors. Biology of the Vipers. Eagle Mountain Publishing, Eagle Mountain, Utah.","shortCitationAuthor":"Murphy et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02MUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":123870,"citation":"Parkinson, C. L. 1999. Molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences. Copeia 1999:576-586.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parkinson","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99PAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:26:43.567263Z"},{"id":1066991,"citation":"Pyron, R. A., F. T. Burbrink, and J. J. Wiens. 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 29:131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pyron et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13PYR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"},{"id":148354,"citation":"Secor, S. M. 1992. A preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder, <i>Crotalus cerastes</i>. Pages 389-393 in J. A. Campbell and E. D. Brodie, Jr., editors. Biology of the pitvipers. Selva, Tyler, Texas.","shortCitationAuthor":"Secor","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92SEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:50.621816Z"},{"id":115834,"citation":"Secor, S. M. 1994. Ecological significance of movements and activity range for the sidewinder, <i>Crotalus cerastes</i>. Copeia 1994:631-645.","shortCitationAuthor":"Secor","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94SEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:50.621816Z"},{"id":102391,"citation":"Secor, S. M. 1995. Ecological aspects of foraging mode for the snakes <i>Crotalus cerastes</i> and <i>Masticophis flagellum</i>. Herpetological Monographs 9:169-186.","shortCitationAuthor":"Secor","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95SEC01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:50.606223Z"},{"id":144435,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 1985a. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts. xiv + 336 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":266629,"citation":"Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stebbins","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03STE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":1067031,"citation":"Stille, B. 1987. Dorsal scale microdermatoglyphics and rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus </i>and <i>Sistrurus</i>) phylogeny (Reptilia: Viperidae: Crotalinae). Herpetologica:98-104.","shortCitationAuthor":"Stille","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87STI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:01:29.214412Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":144463,"name":"sidewinder","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100532,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":7,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Reptiles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1100},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Reptilia","taxorder":"Squamata","family":"Viperidae","genus":"Crotalus","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":768250,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768250","formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus cerastes cercobombus</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus cerastes cercobombus","primaryCommonName":"Sonoran Sidewinder","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768250/Crotalus_cerastes_cercobombus"},{"infraspeciesId":768252,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768252","formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus cerastes laterorepens</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus cerastes laterorepens","primaryCommonName":"Colorado Desert Sidewinder","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768252/Crotalus_cerastes_laterorepens"},{"infraspeciesId":768246,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768246","formattedScientificName":"<i>Crotalus cerastes cerastes</i>","scientificName":"Crotalus cerastes cerastes","primaryCommonName":"Mohave Desert Sidewinder","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768246/Crotalus_cerastes_cerastes"}],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100532,"reproductionComments":"Mating occurs in spring or fall. Viviparous. Gives birth to 5-18 (typically 7-12) young, mid-August through November (mainly October) (see Ernst 1992). Probably very few live longer than 10 years.","ecologyComments":"By searching roads at night under favorable conditions, 30-47 per night have been found (see Ernst 1992). <br><br>Generally does not aggregate at hibernacula. <br><br>In the eastern Mojave Desert, California, density was around 1/ha. Activity ranges of individual snakes overlapped extensively, and snakes commonly shifted their centers of activity seasonally. Snakes traveled on average 32% of the days monitored during their April-October active season, with a resultant mean daily distance traveled of 35 m/day. Activity range averaged 20 ha (Secor 1994, 1995). Relatively sedentary after eating (Brown and Lillywhite 1992). <br><br>Taken by various carnivorous animals and often killed by vehicles on roads.","habitatComments":"This snake generally inhabits open desert terrain with fine windblown sand, desert flats with sandy washes, or sand dunes sparsely vegetated with creosotebush or mesquite; sometimes it occurs in rocky or gravelly sites (Lowe et al. 1986, Ernst and Ernst 2003, Stebbins 2003, Campbell and Lamar 2004). In the Mojave Desert, snakes concentrated near washes and areas of relatively dense vegetation where mammal burrows were common (Brown and Lillywhite 1992), though in other areas this snake has been found to be more common where vegetation is sparse. During the daytime inactive period, individuals retreat into underground burrows or under bushes, or, at the end of activity at night, snuggle into sand with a minimum of the body exposed, remaining partially buried through daylight until conditions become too hot (then seeking shade) (Brown and Lillywhite 1992). Hibernation sites are in in burrows of rodents or tortoises (Secor, cited by Ernst 1992; Brown and Lillywhite 1992). In the eastern Mojave Desert, sidewinders hibernated in rodent burrows at the sand-alluvium interface (Secor 1994). This terrestrial snake rarely climbs into vegetation.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-105085,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-105086,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":16,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Sand/dune","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Arena/duna","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Dune","displayOrder":18}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":52284,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":14,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Transportation & service corridors","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4 - Transportation & service corridors","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":280,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":52285,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":15,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Roads & railroads","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4.1 - Roads & railroads","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":290,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":14,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}}]}