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The probability that only a portion of the potential adult breeding population actually breeds during any given breeding event further biases population estimates.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is primarily threatened by habitat loss and degradation. Habitat loss occurs in the form of urbanization (Klemens 1993, Dodd Jr. 2023). Habitat degradation is caused by conversion to pine plantation, conversion to agriculture, ground disturbances associated with habitat management, and rooting by invasive feral pigs (<em>Sus scrofa</em>) (Jolley et al. 2010, Dodd Jr. 2023). Ranavirus has caused mass mortality events in developing tadpoles and metamorphs in some populations (Kirschman et al. 2017). Pesticide use in conjunction with forest pest management is a potential threat.","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined in area of occupancy throughout the range (Engbrecht et al. 2020, Dodd Jr. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":"Surveys needed in many historical sites to determine occupancy. 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Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; the largest, widest, fast-flowing rivers.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Spadefoots can cross some fairly wide flowing rivers, so only the biggest rivers with strong current should be treated as barriers. <br><br>Detailed information on movements of these toads is not available, but opportunistic field observations of various species indicate that they readily move up to at least several hundred meters from breeding sites (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of spadefoots, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.<br><br>Adults tend to exhibit high fidelity to breeding sites. For example, in Florida, inter-pond exchange of adults was minimal and short-distance (130 m; one was 416 m) (Greenberg and Tanner 2005), but recaptures were rare and some dispersals may have been missed. Additionally metamorphs may disperse large distances and probably sometimes eventually breed in distant non-natal pools. In Florida, Greenberg and Tanner (2005) did not track inter-pond movement by <i>Scaphiopus holbrookii</i> metamorphs, but it appeared likely that metamorphs ''rescue'' local populations by breeding-4 or 5 years later-in non-natal ponds as adults.","versionDate":"2005-04-15","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:46.630293Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100521,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102096,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:22.438193Z"}],"references":[{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. 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