{"elementGlobalId":100473,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus","scientificNameAuthor":"(Le Conte, 1831)","primaryCommonName":"Little Brown Myotis","relatedItisNames":"<i>Myotis lucifugus</i> (LeConte, 1831) (TSN 179988)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100473","elcode":"AMACC01010","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","conceptName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>","taxonomicComments":"The five previously recognized subspecies of <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> (<i>alascensis</i>, <i>carissima</i>, <i>lucifugus </i>s.s., <i>pernox</i>, <i>relictus</i>) have been recognized as distinct species by Morales and Carstens (2018). NatureServe will continue to recognize the broader concept of <i>M. lucifugus</i> following the American Society of Mammalogists (ASM 2025) and Bats of the World (Simmons and Cirranello 2025). This follows Francis et al. (2022) who recommend that <i>M. l. alascensis</i>, <i>M. l. carissima</i>, <i>M. l. pernox</i>, and <i>M. l. relictus</i> should continue to be recognized as subspecies of <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, at least until such time as more conclusive information is provided supporting their elevation to species status.<br/><br/><i>Myotis occultus</i> was formerly included in <i>M. lucifugus</i> (Jones et al. 1992; Koopman, in Wilson and Reeder 1993), but is now regarded as a distinct species.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-06-28","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hunting, K.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167898,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N3","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":379115,"subnation":{"id":11,"nameEn":"Delaware","nameEs":"Delaware","nameFr":"Delaware","subnationCode":"DE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":379115,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":398940,"subnation":{"id":43,"nameEn":"Oklahoma","nameEs":"Oklahoma","nameFr":"Oklahoma","subnationCode":"OK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":398940,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":336086,"subnation":{"id":32,"nameEn":"Mississippi","nameEs":"Mississippi","nameFr":"Mississippi","subnationCode":"MS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":336086,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":292261,"subnation":{"id":10,"nameEn":"District of Columbia","nameEs":"Distrito de Columbia","nameFr":"District de Columbia","subnationCode":"DC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292261,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":318975,"subnation":{"id":48,"nameEn":"South Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Sur","nameFr":"Caroline du Sud","subnationCode":"SC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":318975,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":399584,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":399584,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":404707,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":404707,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402144,"subnation":{"id":49,"nameEn":"South Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Sur","nameFr":"Dakota du Sud","subnationCode":"SD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402144,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":287776,"subnation":{"id":30,"nameEn":"Missouri","nameEs":"Missouri","nameFr":"Missouri","subnationCode":"MO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":287776,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":340005,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":340005,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388597,"subnation":{"id":57,"nameEn":"Wisconsin","nameEs":"Wisconsin","nameFr":"Wisconsin","subnationCode":"WI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388597,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":332473,"subnation":{"id":12,"nameEn":"Florida","nameEs":"Florida","nameFr":"Floride","subnationCode":"FL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":332473,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":334661,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":334661,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":376741,"subnation":{"id":8,"nameEn":"Colorado","nameEs":"Colorado","nameFr":"Colorado","subnationCode":"CO","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":376741,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":368251,"subnation":{"id":59,"nameEn":"Wyoming","nameEs":"Wyoming","nameFr":"Wyoming","subnationCode":"WY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":368251,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366322,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366322,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":351880,"subnation":{"id":45,"nameEn":"Pennsylvania","nameEs":"Pennsylvania","nameFr":"Pennsylvanie","subnationCode":"PA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":351880,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":277765,"subnation":{"id":9,"nameEn":"Connecticut","nameEs":"Connecticut","nameFr":"Connecticut","subnationCode":"CT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Poaching/Collection Threat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":277765,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":409439,"subnation":{"id":44,"nameEn":"Oregon","nameEs":"Oregón","nameFr":"Oregon","subnationCode":"OR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":409439,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":304554,"subnation":{"id":29,"nameEn":"Minnesota","nameEs":"Minnesota","nameFr":"Minnesota","subnationCode":"MN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":304554,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":374985,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":374985,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394352,"subnation":{"id":24,"nameEn":"Massachusetts","nameEs":"Massachusetts","nameFr":"Massachusetts","subnationCode":"MA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394352,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":272205,"subnation":{"id":56,"nameEn":"Washington","nameEs":"Washington","nameFr":"Washington","subnationCode":"WA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":272205,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":360058,"subnation":{"id":2,"nameEn":"Alabama","nameEs":"Alabama","nameFr":"Alabama","subnationCode":"AL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":360058,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":310870,"subnation":{"id":37,"nameEn":"New Hampshire","nameEs":"New Hampshire","nameFr":"New Hampshire","subnationCode":"NH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":310870,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":1326301,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1326301,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":344222,"subnation":{"id":53,"nameEn":"Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia","nameFr":"Virginie","subnationCode":"VA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S1S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":344222,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394115,"subnation":{"id":35,"nameEn":"North Dakota","nameEs":"Dakota del Norte","nameFr":"Dakota du Nord","subnationCode":"ND","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394115,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":264311,"subnation":{"id":18,"nameEn":"Idaho","nameEs":"Idaho","nameFr":"Idaho","subnationCode":"ID","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":264311,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":304552,"subnation":{"id":36,"nameEn":"Nebraska","nameEs":"Nebraska","nameFr":"Nebraska","subnationCode":"NE","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":304552,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":402906,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":402906,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":394351,"subnation":{"id":21,"nameEn":"Kansas","nameEs":"Kansas","nameFr":"Kansas","subnationCode":"KS","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394351,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":359010,"subnation":{"id":26,"nameEn":"Maine","nameEs":"Maine","nameFr":"Maine","subnationCode":"ME","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":359010,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":336083,"subnation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"New Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":336083,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":302618,"subnation":{"id":52,"nameEn":"Utah","nameEs":"Utah","nameFr":"Utah","subnationCode":"UT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":302618,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":388927,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":388927,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":317933,"subnation":{"id":4,"nameEn":"Arkansas","nameEs":"Arkansas","nameFr":"Arkansas","subnationCode":"AR","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":317933,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":640253,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":640253,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":338858,"subnation":{"id":17,"nameEn":"Iowa","nameEs":"Iowa","nameFr":"Iowa","subnationCode":"IA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S4","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":338858,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":323207,"subnation":{"id":1,"nameEn":"Alaska","nameEs":"Alaska","nameFr":"Alaska","subnationCode":"AK","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Land Owner Restrictions","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":323207,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":296522,"subnation":{"id":47,"nameEn":"Rhode Island","nameEs":"Rhode Island","nameFr":"Rhode Island","subnationCode":"RI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":296522,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":281857,"subnation":{"id":28,"nameEn":"Michigan","nameEs":"Michigan","nameFr":"Michigan","subnationCode":"MI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":281857,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":396461,"subnation":{"id":19,"nameEn":"Illinois","nameEs":"Illinois","nameFr":"Illinois","subnationCode":"IL","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":396461,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":371222,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":371222,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":407918,"subnation":{"id":33,"nameEn":"Montana","nameEs":"Montana","nameFr":"Montana","subnationCode":"MT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":407918,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":293964,"subnation":{"id":55,"nameEn":"Vermont","nameEs":"Vermont","nameFr":"Vermont","subnationCode":"VT","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":293964,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2012,"nrank":"N3","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167898,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":164364,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N3B,NNRN,NNRM","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":394052,"subnation":{"id":93,"nameEn":"Yukon Territory","nameEs":"Territorio del Yukón","nameFr":"Territoire du Yukon","subnationCode":"YT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":394052,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":359314,"subnation":{"id":60,"nameEn":"Alberta","nameEs":"Alberta","nameFr":"Alberta","subnationCode":"AB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2B,SNRN,SNRM","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Proprietary Data","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S2S3B,SNRN,SNRM","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":359314,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":350015,"subnation":{"id":92,"nameEn":"Island of Newfoundland","nameEs":"Isla de Terranova","nameFr":"Île de Terre­Neuve","subnationCode":"NF","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":350015,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":360156,"subnation":{"id":62,"nameEn":"Manitoba","nameEs":"Manitoba","nameFr":"Manitoba","subnationCode":"MB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2N,S5B","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2N,S5B","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":360156,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":318651,"subnation":{"id":91,"nameEn":"Labrador","nameEs":"Labrador","nameFr":"Labrador","subnationCode":"LB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":318651,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":309647,"subnation":{"id":61,"nameEn":"British Columbia","nameEs":"Columbia Británica","nameFr":"Colombie-Britannique","subnationCode":"BC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":309647,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":355277,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New Brunswick","nameFr":"Nouveau-Brunswick","subnationCode":"NB","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":355277,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":366820,"subnation":{"id":69,"nameEn":"Quebec","nameEs":"Quebec","nameFr":"Québec","subnationCode":"QC","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":366820,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":297134,"subnation":{"id":66,"nameEn":"Nova Scotia","nameEs":"Nueva Escocia","nameFr":"Nouvelle-Écosse","subnationCode":"NS","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":297134,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":338177,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":1,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Yes","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"Y"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":338177,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":338176,"subnation":{"id":68,"nameEn":"Prince Edward Island","nameEs":"Isla del Príncipe Eduardo","nameFr":"Île-du-Prince-Édouard","subnationCode":"PE","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":338176,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":309707,"subnation":{"id":65,"nameEn":"Northwest Territories","nameEs":"Territorios del Noroeste","nameFr":"Territoires du Nord-Ouest","subnationCode":"NT","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3S4","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":309707,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":281419,"subnation":{"id":70,"nameEn":"Saskatchewan","nameEs":"Saskatchewan","nameFr":"Saskatchewan","subnationCode":"SK","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S4B,S4N","dataSensitive":{"id":3,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"Conditional","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"C"},"dataSensitiveCategory":{"id":4,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescEn":"Fragile species or habitat","dataSensitiveCategoryDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveCategoryDescFr":null,"nsStandardInd":true},"srank":"S4B,S4N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":281419,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2018,"nrank":"N2N4B,NNRN,NNRM","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":164364,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:33:41.008017Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100473/Myotis_lucifugus","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2021-12-02","grankReviewDate":"2024-06-28","grankReasons":"This species remains widespread in North America although abundance has decreased in recent years especially in the northeast and some parts of the Midwest where the effects of White-nose Syndrome are currently the most severe. There is some evidence suggesting short-term adaptation to the effects of this disease (Gignoux-Wolfsohn et al. 2021) but more work is needed to determine overall population response. Colony mortality from extreme temperatures and the effects of drought on insect food supply at colony sites are a significant impact in many areas and are likely to become more prevalent as the effects of climate change intensify.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100473,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":18,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 70-80%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 70 al 80%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 70 à 80 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species occurs in forested regions throughout the northern United States south into parts of central and southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico and as far south as Georgia in the southeastern U.S.; north through Canada, and most of southern and central Alaska (Shively and Barbosa 2017, Tessler et al 2014). It is reported by state wildlife programs in the U.S. to occur in 37 states where it is generally rated as a high priority Species of Greatest Conservation Need in the Midwest and East and lower priority elsewhere. This species is listed as endangered in Maine and Massachusetts (USGS 2024). The North American range of this species was estimated at about 9,763,500 km2 using a concave hull analysis with recent observation locations as inputs.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The area of occupancy of this species is unknown.","numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences of this is unknown but it is represented by a large number of occurrences spread over a vast geographic range.","popSizeComments":"The population size of this species is unknown. Frick et al (2010) suggested there may have been 6.5 million individuals in the continental U.S. northeastern states. COSEWICK (2013) suggested over 1 million individuals in Canada. Based on these numbers, the population certainly exceeds 1 million.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The single most significant current threat to this species is mortality from behavioral changes induced by infection from the fungus <i>Pseudogymnoascus destructanans</i> commonly known as White-nose Syndrome. Mortality as high as 90% of colony members in hibernacula have been reported from the eastern U.S. (Cheng et al (2021) and eastern Canada (COSEWIC 2013). Other threats to this species include mortality from wind turbine strikes (direct impact and barotrauma) (O’Shea et al 2016, Choi et al 2022, COSEWIC 2013) although mortality of this species among Canadian bat species appears to be low from wind turbine strikes; intentional (addressing fear of disease spread) and unintentional (demolition of older structures) colony eradication; loss and degradation of foraging habitat that provide an adequate supply of insects; and disturbance of hibernacula although many known sites are now protected. Finally, drought and extreme heat events exacerbated in time and space by climate change are an increasing threat to this and other bat species (Hayes and Adams 2017). Evidence suggests mass lethal hyperthermia events at hibernacula are increasing (see O’Shea et al 2016) and substantial decreases in reproduction during droughts in some species have been empirically demonstrated (Adams 2010). There is some evidence that this species may be rapidly adapting to infection from this fungal pathogen through detected changes in genes associated with the immune system in populations of this species recovering from infection events (Gignoux-Wolfsohn et al 2021).","shortTermTrendComments":"The short-term trend of this species reflects significant decline in parts of its North American range. Cheng et al (2021) analyzed occupancy data from hibernacula across 200 North American sites and estimated a 90% colony loss between 1995 and 2018. Udell et al (2022) report as statistically significant range-wide decline in occupancy of this species between 2016 and 2019. In Canada, this species has experienced a 94% decline in known numbers in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec (COSEWIC 2013). This species is considered a Species of Greatest Conservation Need (SCGN) in almost every state within its North American U.S. range and is listed as endangered in Maine and Massachusetts, USA, and in Canada.","longTermTrendComments":"The long-term trend of this species is unknown but likely reflects decline based on pressures including foraging and hibernacula habitat loss and other factors.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100473,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In the northeast, individuals may migrate hundreds of kilometers between winter and summer habitats; in the west, these bats are believed to hibernate near their summer range (Schmidly 1991).","foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes flying insects, especially mosquitoes, midges, caddisflies, moths, various hoppers, and smaller beetles, sometimes spiders (e.g., see Whitaker and Lawhead 1992).","animalPhenologyComments":"Most populations spend most of the winter in hibernation, though individuals exhibit periodic brief periods of arousal. In Indiana, a few bats flew outside a hibernation site periodically throughout the winter, especially in mild weather; feeding apparently did not begin until mid-March (Whitaker and Rissler 1992).<br/><br/>These bats are most active during the first 2-3 hours after sunset. Following a mid-night roost period there is a second foraging bout. Cool temperatures and a low abundance of prey lengthen the mid-night roost period.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":9,"width":null,"weight":14,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100848,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100849,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101690,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":156330,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring breeding population during spring/summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.","versionDate":"2014-07-02","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:05:57.942669Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1202,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of migrating or otherwise nonhibernating individuals during the nonbreeding season. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Studies suggest that major roads and highways can be a barrier to bat movement, although the effects may vary depending on species, landscape context, nearby tree cover, and level of traffic (Kerth and Melber 2009, Abbott et al. 2012, USFWS 2019).","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In California, Fellers and Pierson (2002) studied a group of <i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i> inhabiting a maternity colony site after the nursery season had passed and found that the mean center of female foraging activity was 3.2 kilometers from the diurnal roost, whereas the mean center of male foraging activity was only 1.3 kilometers from the roost. No bats traveled more than 10.5 kilometers from the roost, and individuals showed considerable loyalty to the primary roost. Otherwise, little movement data are available.","versionDate":"2001-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:15:29.046777Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1200,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Hibernaculum, Pre-hibernation roost site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A site occupied either historically or at present by a recurring population of hibernating individuals. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. EO also includes immediately surrounding areas used by bats immediately before hibernation, where these areas are known.","mappingGuidance":"Cave/mine passages should be projected to the surface for the purpose of mapping EO boundary.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These bats sometimes move long distances between different hibernacula. For example, individuals of M. LUCIFUGUS and M. SEPTENTRIONALIS have been recorded flying up to 219 and 89 kilometers respectively between hibernacula during the winter months (Linzey 1998, Griffin 1940). However, <br/>such movements are not a good basis for distinguishing occurrences (occurrences would become too expansive). The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate hibernacula. <br/><br/>Separation distances suggested take into account the fact that, during the fall, some bats (e.g. M. SODALIS) swarm and mate at their hibernaculum, and males roost in trees nearby during the day and fly to the cave during the night. In two studies, M. SODALIS males roosted within a maximum of 5.6 kilometers of the hibernaculum (Kiser and Elliott 1996; Craig Stihler, West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, pers. observ., October 1996, cited in USFWS 1999). <br/><br/>Although they do not generally fly from one hibernaculum to another, hibernating bats are known to wake and move around to some extent within their hibernating site. As long as the areas are connected (even though they may not be passable by humans) the bats could be expected to move from one part of the system to another (e.g. MYOTIS SODALIS, Clawson et al. 1980).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1199,"locationUseClass":{"id":8,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Maternity colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de maternidad","locationUseClassDescFr":"Pouponnière","displayOrder":9},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Colony Site, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of breeding females and their young during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from colony sites obtained during the summer months even if the associated roost site is not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"The EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations.<br/><br/>Nursing female <i>Myotis sodalis</i> moved an average of 1.04 kilometers from roost to center of foraging area, giving a mean foraging diameter of 2.08 kilometers; however, post-lactating females moved more than twice as far, travelling an average of 2.6 kilometers (Garner and Gardner 1992). In Indiana, 11 foraging adult females that were tracked for 2-7 days moved up to 8.4 km from their roost; home range during this brief period averaged 3.35 square kilometers (Sparks et al. 2005). <i>Myotis grisescens</i> females move up to 6.6 kilometers (Tuttle 1976). Female <i>M. septentrionalis</i> had an average foraging home range of 61.1 hectares (Menzel et al. 1999), equivalent to a circle with a diameter of 880 meters.","versionDate":"2001-03-08","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1201,"locationUseClass":{"id":9,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Bachelor colony","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de machos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Colonie de mâles","displayOrder":10},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":"Diurnal Roost, Foraging Area, Nocturnal Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population of males during summer (approximately May through August). Includes mist net captures away from roost sites obtained during the summer months even if the actual roost site(s) are not known. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals. In certain regions, recorded echolocation sequences of individuals may be considered reliable observations for certain species that can be confidently identified by their echolocation calls alone, although caution must be used in determining Location Use Class for such observations during the breeding season.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"The assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites and capture locations. However, include in the same occurrence (1) any roost sites between which significant of individuals are known to move, regardless of how far apart they are, and (2) known significant foraging areas of occurrences that are based on roost sites.<br/><br/>In two studies, male <i>Myotis sodalis</i> foraged a maximum of 2.0 and 4.2 kilometers from their summer roosts (summarized in USFWS 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-29","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":156353,"locationUseClass":{"id":21,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Roost","locationUseClassDescEs":null,"locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de repos","displayOrder":11},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small and Medium Bats","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":"No inferred extent given, since foraging areas may be separated from colony.","minimumEoCriteria":"An area occupied either historically or at present by a persisting or recurring population during summer (approximately May through August). Includes counts of individuals from roost sites obtained during the summer months during pup rearing and summer residence periods. Identification evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and detailed documentation of one or more individuals during roost counts.","mappingGuidance":"EO includes both the colony site and an approximation of the associated foraging areas. If separate, the colony site and foraging areas are bounded by separate polygons; that is, areas over which the bats simply commute to and from foraging areas and the colony are not included in the EO.","separationBarriers":"None","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"It is impractical to attempt to delineate occurrences on the basis of discrete populations. Instead, the assigned separation distance is intended to generate occurrences that consist of spatially proximate roost sites.","versionDate":"2017-12-01","versionAuthor":"Staffen, R.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2024-02-03T00:58:53.501779Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100473,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Management actions for this species should include continuing the on-going program of preventing human access to sensitive caves and other structures that support colonies, precautionary measures to prevent inadvertent spread of white-nose syndrome by researchers and others (gloves, sterilization of equipment, etc.), surveys of older or unoccupied buildings to determine colony use prior to destruction or remodel, and maintenance of flows in waterways near colonies to support insect food supplies especially n areas prone to frequent drought.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Greenhall (1982) for information on house bat management.","monitoringMethods":"Special precautions should be taken when mine and cave surveys are conducted during breeding periods and winter hibernation. Hibernating bats are sensitive to human disturbance (Thomas 1995). Disturbance during hibernation can cause bats to use up stored fat reserves and starve to death. Disturbance of breeding colonies can cause young to lose their grasp and fall to their death.","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":102049,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:16:14.297465Z"}],"references":[{"id":757273,"citation":"Adams, R. A. 2010. Bat reproduction declines when conditions mimic climate change projections for western North America. Ecology 91(8):2437-2445. ","shortCitationAuthor":"Adams","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10ADA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":622942,"citation":"Agosta, S.J. 2002. Habitat use, diet and roost selection by the big brown bat (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) in North America: a case for conserving an abundant species. Mammal Rev. 32(2):172-198.","shortCitationAuthor":"Agosta","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02AGO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":103408,"citation":"Arita, H. T. 1993. Conservation biology of the cave bats in Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy 74:693-702.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arita","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93ARI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":759142,"citation":"Arnett, E. B., and E. F. Baerwald. 2013. Impacts of wind energy development on bats: implications for conservation. Pages 435-456 in R. A. Adams and S. C. Pedersen (editors). Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation. Springer Science+Business Media, New York.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnett and Baerwald","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13ARN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":762989,"citation":"Arnett, E. B., W. K. Brown, W. P. Erickson, J. K. Fiedler, B. L. Hamilton, T. H. Henry, A. Jain, G. D. Johnson, J. Kerns, R. R. Koford, C. P. Nicholson, T. J. Connell, M. D. Piorkowski and R. D. Tankersley. 2008. Patterns of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 72(1): 61-78.","shortCitationAuthor":"Arnett et al.","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08ARN61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":120395,"citation":"Baker, R. H. 1983. Michigan mammals. Michigan State University Press. 642 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:47.27318Z"},{"id":235682,"citation":"Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 229:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03BAK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.742349Z"},{"id":119122,"citation":"Banfield, A. W. F. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada. 438 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Banfield","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"B74BAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.631914Z"},{"id":138897,"citation":"Barbour, R. W., and W. H. Davis. 1969. Bats of America. The University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky. 286 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barbour and Davis","shortCitationYear":1969,"referenceCode":"B69BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":103883,"citation":"Barclay, R. M. R., and K. J. Cash. 1985. A non-commensal maternity roost of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). J. Mamm. 66:783-783.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barclay and Cash","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":1143875,"citation":"Bat Conservation International. 2024. Extinction Protection Actions Page. Online. Available: https://www.batcon.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Bat Conservation International","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24BAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.09576Z"},{"id":757197,"citation":"Boyles, J. G., and C.K.R. Willis.  2010. Could localized warm areas inside cold caves reduce mortality of hibernating bats affected by white-nose syndrome? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8:92-98.","shortCitationAuthor":"Boyles and Willis","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10BOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":759420,"citation":"Bradley, R.D., L.K. Ammerman, R.J. Baker, L.C. Bradley, J.A. Cook. R.C. Dowler, C. Jones, D.J. Schmidly, F.B. Stangl Jr., R.A. Van den Bussche and B. Würsig. 2014. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2014. Museum of Texas Tech University Occasional Papers 327:1-28. Available at: http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/OP327.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Bradley et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14BRA01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":1143876,"citation":"Center for Biological Diversity (CBD). 2010. Petition for Rulemaking to Enact Immediate Cave Closures to Protect Bat Species from White-Nose Syndrome; to Promulgate a Rule Governing the “Take” of Endangered Bat Species; and to Designate as Significant All Caves on Federal Lands in the Continental United States. Center for Biological Diversity, Richmond, VT. 30 pp. https://ecosphere-documents-production-public.s3.amazonaws.com/sams/public_docs/petition/246.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"CBD","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"N10CBD04NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.09576Z"},{"id":1143877,"citation":"Cheng, T.L., J.D. Reichard, J.T.H. Coleman, T. Weller, W.E. Thogmartin, B. Reichert, A. Bennett, H.G. Broders, J. Campbell, K. Etchison, D. J. Feller, R. Geboy, T. Hemberger, C. Herzog, A.C. Hicks, S. Houghton, J. Humber, J.A. Kath, A.L. King, S.C. Loeb, A. Masse, K.M. Morris, H. Niederriter, G.E. Nordquist, R.W. Perry, R. Reynolds, D.B. Sasse, M.R. Scafini, R.C. Stark, C.W. Stihler, S.C. Thomas, G.G. Turner, S. Webb, B. Westrich, W.F. Frick. 2021. The Scope and Severity of White-nose Syndrome on Hibernating Bats in North America. Conservation Biology 35(5):1361-1709.","shortCitationAuthor":"Cheng et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21CHE01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.096769Z"},{"id":1143878,"citation":"Choi, D.Y., T.W. Wittig, and B.M. Kluever. 2022. An Evaluation of Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in the Northeastern United States. PLOS ONE 15(8): e0238034","shortCitationAuthor":"Choi et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22CHO01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.096769Z"},{"id":109142,"citation":"Clawson, R. L., R. K. LaVal, M. L. LaVal, and W. Claire. 1980. Clustering behavior of hibernating <i>Myotis sodalis</i> in Missouri, USA. Journal of Mammalogy 61:245-53.","shortCitationAuthor":"Clawson et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80CLA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":757201,"citation":"Coleman, J. 2014. Update on the national response to white-nose syndrome in 2014. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, NMFWA, Denver CO, 13 March 2014.","shortCitationAuthor":"Coleman","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"N14COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":759128,"citation":"COSEWIC. 2013. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the little brown myotis <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, northern myotis <i>Myotis septentrionalis</i> and tri-colored bat <i>Perimyotis subflavus</i> in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. xxiv + 93 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"COSEWIC","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"N13COS01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:17:59.60607Z"},{"id":662041,"citation":"Culver, D. C., H. H. Hobbs III, M. C. Christman and L. L. Master. 1999. Distribution map of caves and cave animals in the United States. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 61(3):139-140.","shortCitationAuthor":"Culver et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99CUL01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.851525Z"},{"id":711890,"citation":"Davis, W. H., M. D. Hassell, and M. J. Harvey. Maternity colonies of the bat <i>Myotis l. lucifugus </i>in Kentucky. American Midland Naturalist, 73: 161-165.","shortCitationAuthor":"Davis et al.","shortCitationYear":1965,"referenceCode":"A65DAV02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":757265,"citation":"Dobony, C. A., A. C. Hicks, K. E. Langwig, R. I. von Linden, J. C. Okoniewski, and R. E. Rainbolt.  2011. Little brown myotis persists despite exposure to white-nose syndrome. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management  2:190-195.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dobony et al.","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"A11DOB01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":757196,"citation":"Ehlman, S. M., J. J. Cox, and P. H. Crowley. 2013. Evaporative water loss, spatial distributions, and survival in white-nose-syndrome--affected little brown myotis: a model. Journal of Mammalogy 94:572-583.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ehlman et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13EHL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":997759,"citation":"Elliott, W. R. 2003. A guide to Missouri's cave life: 70 species brought to life. Missouri Department of Conservation. 37 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Elliott","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"B03ELI01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.476544Z"},{"id":1143879,"citation":"Environment Canada. 2015. Recovery Strategy for Little Brown Myotis (<i>Myotis lucifugus</i>), Northern Myotis (<i>Myotis septentrionalis</i>), and Tri-colored Bat (<i>Perimyotis subflavus</i>) in Canada [Proposed]. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. ix + 110 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Environment Canada","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"N15ENV01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.097753Z"},{"id":118646,"citation":"Fellers, G. M., and E. D. Pierson. 2002. Habitat use and foraging behavior of Townsend's Big-eared Bat (<i>Corynorhinus townsendii</i>) in coastal California. Journal of Mammalogy 83:167-177.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fellers and Pierson","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02FEL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":149012,"citation":"Fenton, M. B., and G. P. Bell. 1979. Echolocation and feeding behavior in four species of <i>Myotis </i>(Chiroptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology. 57(6):1271-1277.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fenton and Bell","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79FEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":149013,"citation":"Fenton, M.B. and R.M. Barclay. 1980. Myotis lucifugus. Am. Soc. Mamm., Mammalian Species No. 142. 8 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fenton and Barclay","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80FEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":757202,"citation":"First, M. C. 2011. Little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus): ecology of a white-nose syndrome affected population and the angle trap: a highly effective trap for the capture of bats. M.S. thesis, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY.","shortCitationAuthor":"First","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"U11FIR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":757199,"citation":"Flory, A. R., S. Kumar, T. J. Stohlgren, and P. M. Cryan. 2012. Environmental conditions associated with bat white-nose syndrome in the north-eastern United States. Journal of Applied Ecology 49:680-689.","shortCitationAuthor":"Flory et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12FLO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":1141632,"citation":"Francis, C. M., and N. B. Simmons, on behalf of the G. B. T. W. G. of the IUCN SSC Bat Specialist Group. 2022. On the taxonomy of <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7338575","shortCitationAuthor":"Francis and Simmons","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22FRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-06-01T02:30:17.067361Z"},{"id":711887,"citation":"Frick, W. F., J. F. Pollock, A. Hicks, K. Langwig, D. S. Reynolds, G. G. Turner, C. Butchowski, T. H. Kunz. 2010. A once common bat faces rapid extinction in the northeastern United States from a fungal pathogen. Science 329:679-682.","shortCitationAuthor":"Frick et al.","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10FRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":101709,"citation":"Garner, J. D., and J. E. Gardner. 1992. Determination of summer distribution and habitat utilization of the Indiana bat (<i>Myotis sodalis</i>) in Illinois. Illinois Department of Conservation. Final Report, Project E-3. Springfield, IL, 23 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Garner and Gardner","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"U92GAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":1143880,"citation":"Gignoux-Wolfsohn, S.A., M.L. Pinsky, K. Kerwin, C. Herzog, M. Hall, A.B. Bennett, N.H. Fefferman, and B. Maslo. 2021. Genomic signatures of selection in bats surviving white-nose syndrome. Molecular Ecology 30(22):5643-5657. doi: 10.1111/mec.15813.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gignoux-Wolfsohn et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21GIG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.098756Z"},{"id":1137646,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-05T23:15:07.149253Z"},{"id":118294,"citation":"Godin, A. J. 1977. Wild mammals of New England. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 304 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Godin","shortCitationYear":1977,"referenceCode":"B77GOD01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.710457Z"},{"id":140871,"citation":"Greenhall, A. M. 1982. House bat management. USFWS Resource Publ. 143:1-33.","shortCitationAuthor":"Greenhall","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"B82GRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":124325,"citation":"Griffin, D. R. 1940b. Migrations of New England bats. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 86:217-246.","shortCitationAuthor":"Griffin","shortCitationYear":1940,"referenceCode":"A40GRI02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":141917,"citation":"Grindal, S. D., et al. 1992. The influence of precipitation on reproduction by Myotis bats in British Columbia. Am. Midl. Nat. 128:339-344.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grindal et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92GRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":119546,"citation":"Hall, E. R. 1981a. The Mammals of North America, second edition. Vols. I &amp; II. John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York, New York. 1181 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hall","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81HAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:13.267235Z"},{"id":134923,"citation":"Hall, J. S., R. J. Cloutier, and D. R. Griffin. 1957. Longevity records and notes on tooth wear of bats. Journal of Mamalogy 38:407-409.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hall et al.","shortCitationYear":1957,"referenceCode":"A57HAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":125104,"citation":"Hamilton, W. J., Jr., and J. O. Whitaker, Jr. 1979. Mammals of the eastern United States. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hamilton and Whitaker","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79HAM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":1143881,"citation":"Hayes, M.A., and R.A. Adams. 2017. Simulated bat populations Erode when exposed to climate change projections for western North America. PloS One 12(7): e0180693.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hayes and Adams","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17HAY01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.099749Z"},{"id":810394,"citation":"Hebda, A.J. 2011. List of mammals of Nova Scotia (including synonyms used in the literature relating to Nova Scotia) (revision 2) 24 July 2011. Nova Scotia Museum Collections Unit, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 24 pp. Online. Available: https://naturalhistory.novascotia.ca/sites/default/files/inline/images/names_and_synonyms_ver3.pdf","shortCitationAuthor":"Hebda","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"N11HEB01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.726311Z"},{"id":763807,"citation":"Helfferich, C. 1991. Driving miners batty: article #1067. Alaska Science Forum. Online at: http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF10/1067.html (accessed 14 Jan. 2003).","shortCitationAuthor":"Helfferich","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"N91HEL61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":760447,"citation":"Henderson, L. E., L. J. Farrow, and H. G. Broders. 2009. Summer distribution and status of the bats of Prince Edward Island, Canada. Northeastern Naturalist 16:131-140.","shortCitationAuthor":"Henderson et al.","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"A09HEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":137642,"citation":"Herd, R. M., and M. B. Fenton. 1983. An electrophoretic, morphological, and ecological investigation of a putative hybrid zone between <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> and <i>Myotis yumanensis</i> (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Can. J. Zool. 61:2029-2050.","shortCitationAuthor":"Herd and Fenton","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83HER02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.851525Z"},{"id":152816,"citation":"Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press and Arizona Game and Fish Department. 602 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hoffmeister","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86HOF01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:20.663395Z"},{"id":102288,"citation":"Humphrey, S. R., and J. B. Cope. 1976. Population ecology of the little brown bat, <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, in Indiana and north-central Kentucky. Amer. Soc. Mamm. Special Publ. (4):1-81.","shortCitationAuthor":"Humphrey and Cope","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"B76HUM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":757261,"citation":"Humphries, M. H., D. W. Thomas, and J. R. Speakman. 2002. Climate-mediated energetic constraints on the distribution of hibernating mammals. Nature 418:313-316.","shortCitationAuthor":"Humphries et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02HUM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":156383,"citation":"Jones, J. K., Jr., R. S. Hoffman, D. W. Rice, C. Jones, R. J. Baker, and M. D. Engstrom. 1992a. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 1991. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 146:1-23.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92JON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":759159,"citation":"Kannan, K., S. H. Yun, R. J. Rudd and M. Behr. 2010. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants including PCBs, DDT, PBDEs and PFOS in little brown bats with white-nose syndrome in New York, USA. Chemosphere 80:613-618.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kannan et al.","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10KAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":145024,"citation":"Keen, R., and H. B. Hitchcock. 1980. Survival and longevity of the little brown bat in southeastern Ontario. Journal of Mammalogy 61:1-7.","shortCitationAuthor":"Keen and Hitchcock","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"A80KEE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":114883,"citation":"Kiser, J. D. and C. L. Elliott. 1996. Foraging habitat, food habits, and roost tree characteristics of the Indiana bat (<i>Myotis sodalis</i>) during autumn in Johnson County, Kentucky. Final report, Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Kentucky. 65pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kiser and Elliott","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"N96KIS01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":711889,"citation":"Kunz, T. H., and J. D. Reichard. 2010. Status review of the little brown myotis (<i>Myotis lucifigus</i>) and determination that immediate listing under the Endangered Species Act is scientifically and legally warranted. Report in collaboration with: Friends of Blackwater Canyon, Wildlife Advocacy Project, Bat Conservation International, Center for Biological Diversity, and Meyer Glitzenstein &amp; Crystal.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kunz and Reichard","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"N10KUN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":142439,"citation":"Kurta, A., and J. A. Teramino. 1994. A novel hibernaculum and noteworthy records of the Indiana bat and eastern pipistrelle (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). American Midland Naturalist 132:410-413.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kurta and Teramino","shortCitationYear":1994,"referenceCode":"A94KUR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.445503Z"},{"id":711891,"citation":"Langwig, K. E., W. F. Frick, J. T. Bried, A. C. Hicks, T. H. Kunz, and A. M. Kilpatrick. 2012. Sociality, density-dependence and microclimates determine the persistence of populations suffering from a novel fungal disease, white-nose syndrome. Ecology Letters 15:1050-1057.","shortCitationAuthor":"Langwig et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12LAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.851525Z"},{"id":134851,"citation":"Linzey, D. W. 1998. The mammals of Virginia. McDonald and Woodward, Blacksburg, VA. 459 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Linzey","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98LIN01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":810393,"citation":"Linzey, D.W. 2016. Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: 2016 revision. Southeastern Naturalist 15(Monograph 8):1–93.","shortCitationAuthor":"Linzey","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16LIN02EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:52.46115Z"},{"id":764245,"citation":"MacDonald, S.O., and J.A. Cook. 1999. The mammal fauna of southeast Alaska. Univ. Alaska Museum. 145 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"MacDonald and Cook","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99MAC61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":158374,"citation":"Mammalian Species, nos. 1-604. Published by the American Society of Mammalogists.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists","shortCitationYear":null,"referenceCode":"JNDAME0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:05.991304Z"},{"id":136750,"citation":"Menzel, M. A., R. Odom, S. Owen, W. M. Ford, B. R. Chapman, K. V. Miller, J. Edwards, and P. Wood. 1999b. Investigation of foraging habitat use by bats with a focus on Northern Long-eared Myotis (<i>Myotis septentrionalis</i>): a comparison of methods. IN M. K. Clark, editor. Abstracts from the 1999 Colloquium on the conservation of mammals in the Southeastern United States. Available at: http://www.batworkinggroups.org/sbdnnews.htm. Accessed 2001-06-12.","shortCitationAuthor":"Menzel et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99MEN01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":1115593,"citation":"Morales, A. E., and B. C. Carstens. 2018. Evidence that <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> \"subspecies\" are five nonsister species, despite gene flow. Systematic Biology 67(5):756-769.","shortCitationAuthor":"Morales and Carstens","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"A18MOR03NAUS","lastModified":"2022-08-05T22:08:41.534027Z"},{"id":1030214,"citation":"Morgan, C. N., L. K. Ammerman, K. D. Demere, J. B. Doty, Y. J. Nakazawa, and M. R. Mauldin. 2019. Field identification key and guide for bats of the United States of America. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University, Number 360. Texas Tech University Natural Science Research Laboratory. 29 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Morgan et al.","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19MOR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":134139,"citation":"Mumford, R.E. and J.B. Cope. 1964. Distribution and status of the Chiroptera of Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 72(2):473-489.","shortCitationAuthor":"Mumford and Cope","shortCitationYear":1964,"referenceCode":"A64MUM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":756949,"citation":"Oliver, G. V. 2000. The bats of Utah: a literature review. Publication No. 00-14, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Salt Lake City.","shortCitationAuthor":"Oliver","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"N00OLI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":1143882,"citation":"O’Shea, T. J., P. M. Cryan, D. T. S. Hayman, R. K. Plowright, and D. G. Streicker. 2016. Multiple mortality events in bats: A global perspective. Mammal Review 46(3):175-190.","shortCitationAuthor":"O’Shea et al.","shortCitationYear":2016,"referenceCode":"A16OSH01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.102771Z"},{"id":760446,"citation":"Park, A. C., and H. G. Broders. 2012. Distribution and roost selection of bats on Newfoundland. Northeastern Naturalist 19:165-176.","shortCitationAuthor":"Park and Broders","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12PAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":489530,"citation":"Parker, D. I. 1996. Forest ecology and distribution of bats in Alaska. M. S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 73 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parker","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"U96PAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":489531,"citation":"Parker, D. I., J. A. Cook, and S. W. Lewis. 1996. Effects of timber harvest on bat activity in southeastern Alaska's temperate rainforest. Pages. 277-292 in R.M.R. Barclay and R.M. Brigham (editors). Bats and Forests Symposium, October 19-21, 1995, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Research Branch, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C., Working Paper 23/1996, 292 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Parker et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96PAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":157994,"citation":"Piaggio, A. J., E. W. Valdez, M. A. Bogan, and G. S. Spicer. 2002. Systematics of Myotis occultus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) inferred from sequences of two mitochondrial genes. Journal of Mammalogy 83:386-395.","shortCitationAuthor":"Piaggo et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02PIA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":141038,"citation":"Ransome, R. 1990. The natural history of hibernating bats. Christopher Helm, London. xxi + 235 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ransome","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90RAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":757198,"citation":"Reeder, D. M., et al. 2012. Frequent arousal from hibernation linked to severity of infection and mortality in bats with white-nose syndrome. PLoS ONE 7:e38920.","shortCitationAuthor":"Reeder et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12REE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":117806,"citation":"Schmidly, D. J. 1991. The bats of Texas. Texas A & M University Press, College Station, Texas. 188 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schmidly","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91SCH02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":100987,"citation":"Schwartz, C. W., and E. R. Schwartz. 1981. The wild mammals of Missouri. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. 356 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schwartz and Schwartz","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81SCH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:47.27318Z"},{"id":1143883,"citation":"Shively, R., and P. Barboza. 2017. Range and roosting ecology of the little brown bat, <i>Myotis lucifugus</i>, in interior and northern Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 98(2):122–131.","shortCitationAuthor":"Shively and Barboza","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17SHI02NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.103754Z"},{"id":1154459,"citation":"Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello. 2025. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Version 1.7. Online. Available: https://batnames.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Simmons and Cirranello","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25SIM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T22:42:46.5808Z"},{"id":1143884,"citation":"Tessler, D., M. Snively, and T. Gotthardt. 2014. New insights on the distribution, ecology, and overwintering behavior of the little brown myotis (<i>Myotis Lucifugus</i>) in Alaska. Northwestern Naturalist 95(3):251–263.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tessler et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14TES01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.100759Z"},{"id":116410,"citation":"Thomas, D. W. 1995. Hibernating bats are sensitive to nontactile human disturbance. Journal of Mammalogy 76:940-946.","shortCitationAuthor":"Thomas","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95THO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.851525Z"},{"id":133748,"citation":"Tuttle, M. D. 1976a. Population ecology of the gray bat (<i>Myotis grisescens</i>): philopatry, timing, and patterns of movement, weight loss during migration, and seasonal adaptive strategies. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers (54):1-38.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tuttle","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76TUT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":1143885,"citation":"Udell, B. J., B. R. Straw, T. Cheng, K. D. Enns, F. Winfred, B. S. Gotthold, K. M. Irvine, C. Lausen, S. Loeb, J. Reichard, T. Rodhouse, D. A. Smith, C. Stratton, W. E. Thogmartin, A. M. Wiens, and B. E. Reichert. 2022. Status and trends of North American bats summer occupancy analysis 2010-2019. North American Bat Monitoring Program. 248 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Udell et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"R22UDE01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.101754Z"},{"id":126894,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1999. Agency draft Indiana Bat (<i>Myotis sodalis</i>) revised recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fort Snelling, Minnesota. 53 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"N99FWS04NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.867225Z"},{"id":1132439,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. National Listing Workplan. Online. Available: https://www.fws.gov/project/national-listing-workplan","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS20HQUS","lastModified":"2023-10-06T21:51:12.565113Z"},{"id":1143886,"citation":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2024. State Wildlife Action Plans (SWAP). A National Look at Species of Greatest Conservation Need as Reported in State Wildlife Action Plans. U.S. Geological Survey. Science and Analytics Synthesis (SAS) Program. Online. Available: https://www1.usgs.gov/csas/swap/","shortCitationAuthor":"USGS","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24USG01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.101754Z"},{"id":135074,"citation":"Valdez, E. W., J. R. Choate, M. A. Bogan, and T. L. Yates. 1999. Taxonomic status of <i>Myotis occultus</i>. Journal of Mammalogy 80:545-552.","shortCitationAuthor":"Valdez et al.","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99VAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.820256Z"},{"id":129520,"citation":"van Zyll de Jong, C.G. 1985. Handbook of Canadian Mammals. Vol. II, Bats. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. 212 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"van Zyll de Jong","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85VAN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:51.88284Z"},{"id":711892,"citation":"Warnecke, L., J. M. Turne, T. K. Bollinger, J. M. Lorch, V. Misrae, P. M. Cryan, et al. 2012. Inoculation of bats with European <i>Geomyces destructans </i>supports the novel pathogen hypothesis for the origin of white-nose syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 109: 6999-7003.","shortCitationAuthor":"Warnecke et al.","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"A12WAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":765379,"citation":"Whitaker, J.O. Jr., and B. Lawhead. 1992. Foods of <i>Myotis lucifugus</i> in a maternity colony in central Alaska. J. Mammology 73(3):646-648.","shortCitationAuthor":"Whitaker and Lawhead","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92WHI63HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":104374,"citation":"Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and L. J. Rissler. 1992. Winter activity of bats at a mine entrance in Vermillion County, Indiana. Am. Midl. Nat. 127:52-59.","shortCitationAuthor":"Whitaker and Rissler","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"A92WHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:58.836003Z"},{"id":1143888,"citation":"White-nose Syndrome Response Team. 2024. White-nosed Syndrome collaborative web site. Online. Available: https://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"White-nose Syndrome Response Team","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24WHI01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.099749Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"},{"id":138611,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 750 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Ruff","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"B99WIL01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.647505Z"},{"id":1143889,"citation":"Wilson, J. M., J. P. Reimer, D. Allaire, and C. L. Lausen. 2014. Diversity and Distribution of Bats in the Northwest Territories. Northwestern Naturalist 95(3):197–218.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson et al.","shortCitationYear":2014,"referenceCode":"A14WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-10-05T00:12:59.103754Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":118199,"name":"Little Brown Bat","language":"EN"},{"id":151703,"name":"little brown bat","language":"EN"},{"id":136316,"name":"Petite chauve-souris brune","language":"FR"},{"id":101876,"name":"Un Murciélago","language":"ES"},{"id":136317,"name":"Vespertilion brun","language":"FR"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100473,"cites":null,"cosewic":{"id":3,"cosewicDescEn":"Endangered","cosewicDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","cosewicDescFr":"En voie de disparition","cosewicCode":"E"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":{"id":1,"nomenclaturallyEstDescEn":"Yes","nomenclaturallyEstDescEs":"Sí","nomenclaturallyEstDescFr":"Oui"},"usesa":{"id":43,"usesaDescEn":"Under Review","usesaDescEs":null,"usesaDescFr":null,"usesaCode":"UR"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Chiroptera","family":"Vespertilionidae","genus":"Myotis","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Endangered/En voie de disparition","saraStatusDate":"2014-11-26","cosewicDate":"2013-11-01","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for Designation: Approximately 50% of the global range of this small bat is found in Canada. Sub-populations in the eastern part of the range have been devastated by White-nose Syndrome, a fungal disease caused by an introduced pathogen. This disease was first detected in Canada in 2010, and to date has caused a 94% overall decline in known numbers of hibernating Myotis bats in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Québec. The current range of White-nose Syndrome has been expanding at an average rate of 200-250 kilometres per year. At that rate, the entire Canadian population is likely to be affected within 12 to 18 years. There is no apparent containment of the northward or westward spread of the pathogen, and proper growing conditions for it exist throughout the remaining range.<br/><br/>Status History: Designated Endangered in an emergency assessment on February 3, 2012. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2013.","usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"Listed as Under Review by FWS (ECOS site accessed June 2022). Included in the USFWS FY23-27 National Domestic Listing Workplan (April 14, 2023 version) (USFWS 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":106375,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106375","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus occultus</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus occultus","primaryCommonName":"Occult or Arizona Myotis","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":1242951,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242951","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus relictus</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus relictus","primaryCommonName":"Relict Little Brown Myotis","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242951/Myotis_lucifugus_relictus"},{"infraspeciesId":1242950,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242950","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus pernox</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus pernox","primaryCommonName":"Alberta Little Brown Myotis","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242950/Myotis_lucifugus_pernox"},{"infraspeciesId":1242949,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242949","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus alascensis</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus alascensis","primaryCommonName":"Northwestern Little Brown Myotis","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1242949/Myotis_lucifugus_alascensis"},{"infraspeciesId":1016307,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016307","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus lucifugus</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus lucifugus","primaryCommonName":"Eastern Little Brown Myotis","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016307/Myotis_lucifugus_lucifugus"},{"infraspeciesId":1016306,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016306","formattedScientificName":"<i>Myotis lucifugus carissima</i>","scientificName":"Myotis lucifugus carissima","primaryCommonName":"Western Little Brown Myotis","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1016306/Myotis_lucifugus_carissima"}],"ebarId":"164364","ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":"GS001558"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100473,"reproductionComments":"Mating occurs usually in September-October. Ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring. Gestation lasts 50-60 days. Reproductive females annually give birth to 1 litter of 1 young, late spring-early summer. Females produce first young usually in their first (Indiana, New Mexico) or second year (British Columbia) (Herd and Fenton 1983). In British Columbia, individuals may delay or forego reproduction in wet years (Grindal et al. 1992). Survival for a decade may be fairly common; a few live as long as 20-30 years; females may be reproductive to an age of at least 12 years (Hall et al. 1957, Keen and Hitchcock 1980). Most summer colonies range from 50 to 2,500 individuals (average 400) (Mumford and Cope 1964).","ecologyComments":"Winter concentrations may include tens of thousands of individuals. Survival rate is low during the first winter, higher in subsequent years.","habitatComments":"These bats use a wide range of habitats and often use human-made structures for resting and maternity sites; they also use caves and hollow trees. Foraging habitat requirements are generalized; foraging occurs over water, along the margins of lakes and streams, or in woodlands near water. Winter hibernation sites (caves, tunnels, abandoned mines, and similar sites) generally have a relatively stable temperature of about 2-12 C (see Kunz and Reichard 2010). Maternity colonies commonly are in warm sites in buildings (e.g., attics) and other structures; also infrequently in hollow trees. Microclimate conditions suitable for raising young are relatively narrow, and availability of suitable maternity sites may limit the species' abundance and distribution.","generalDescription":"Cinnamon-buff to dark brown above, buffy to pale gray below; hairs on back have long glossy tips; ear when laid forward reaches approximately the nostril; tragus about half as high as ear; calcar without keel; length of head and body 41-54 mm, ear 11.0-15.5 mm, forearm 33-41 mm; braincase rises gradually from rostrum; greatest length of skull 14-16 mm; length of upper toothrow 5.0-6.6 mm (Hall 1981).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from <i>M. sodalis</i> in unkeeled calcar. Differs from <i>M. austroriparius</i> in smaller size, glossy rather than dull pelage, and usual absence of a sagittal crest. Differs from <i>M. grisescens</i> in banded dorsal hairs banded (vs. unicolored) and wing attached to the foot at the base of the toe rather than at the ankle. Differs from <i>M. velifer</i> in smaller size, glossy rather than dull pelage, and lack of sagittal crest. Differs from <i>M. keenii</i> and <i>M. septentrionalis</i> in shorter ears that do not extend beyond the nose when laid forward. Differs from <i>M. volans</i> in smaller size, glossy rather than dull pelage, and unkeeled calcar. Differs from <i>M. yumanensis</i> in larger size, larger skull (greatest length usually more than 14 mm rather than usually less than 14 mm), and usually glossy pelage rather than dull pelage. Differs from <i>M. thysanodes</i> in absence of a conspicuous fringe of hairs along the edge of the interfemoral membrane. Differs from <i>M. californicus</i> in larger size, unkeeled calcar, and skull rising gradually from rostrum. Differs from <i>M. leibii</i> in larger size and unkeeled calcar. (Hall 1981).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-104996,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104997,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104998,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104999,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104991,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104992,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104993,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":10,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Old field","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Terreno baldío","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Friche","displayOrder":12}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104994,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":20,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Suburban/orchard","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Suburbano/ huertos","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Banlieusard/verger","displayOrder":23}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104995,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":21,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Urban/edificarian","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Urbano/edificado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Urbain","displayOrder":24}},{"cagTerrHabId":-113809,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":22,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":25}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-110111,"riverineHabitat":{"id":10,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":10}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101150,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101151,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":4,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"FORESTED WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL BOSCOSO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE FORESTIÈRE","displayOrder":4}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101152,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":5,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Bog/fen","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Pantanoso","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Tourbière oligotrophe/marais","displayOrder":5}},{"cagPalusHabId":-101153,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}},{"cagPalusHabId":-104282,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":7,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":7}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[{"cagLacusHabId":-101452,"lacustrineHabitat":{"id":3,"lacustrineHabitatDescEn":"Aerial","lacustrineHabitatDescEs":"Aéreo","lacustrineHabitatDescFr":"Aérien","displayOrder":3}}],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[{"cagSubterrHabId":101073,"subterraneanHabitat":{"id":1,"subterraneanHabitatDescEn":"Subterrestrial","subterraneanHabitatDescEs":"Subterráneo","subterraneanHabitatDescFr":"Souterrain","displayOrder":1}}],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1154459,"citation":"Simmons, N. B. and A. L. Cirranello. 2025. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Version 1.7. Online. Available: https://batnames.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"Simmons and Cirranello","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25SIM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T22:42:46.5808Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":26323,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":10,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Energy production & mining","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"3 - Energy production & mining","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":240,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":28963,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":13,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"3.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Renewable energy","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"3.3 - Renewable energy","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":270,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":10,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":26326,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":26327,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":20,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.1 - Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":340,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":60765,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":107,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.1.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Persecution/control","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.1.3 - Persecution/control","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":343,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":20,"iucnThreatLevel":3},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":26325,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":24,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"6","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Human intrusions & disturbance","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"6 - Human intrusions & disturbance","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":380,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":9,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate - slight","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate - slight","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":24214,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":32,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8 - Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":590,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":6,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":8},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":3,"threatImpactCalcCd":"AC","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Very high - medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"AC = Very high - medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":61916,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":33,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":600,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":32,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":6,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Extreme - moderate","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Extreme - moderate","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":8},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":3,"threatImpactCalcCd":"AC","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Very high - medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"AC = Very high - medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":28161,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":36,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"9","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Pollution","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"9 - Pollution","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":630,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":8,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":26328,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":60767,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":49,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Droughts","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.2 - Droughts","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":860,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":60768,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":50,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Temperature extremes","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.3 - Temperature extremes","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":870,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}}]}