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individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":11,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Desconocido","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range extends from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast of North America (Conant and Collins 1991, Stebbins 2003). The northern limit of the more or less continuous portion of the range reaches Nova Scotia, southern Quebec, southern Ontario, Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, southeastern Colorado, and Arizona. The southern limit extends to San Luis Potosi (Mexico), the Gulf Coast of the United States, and southern Florida. The species also occurs disjunctly in western North America in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona, and it ranges from southern Washington through western Oregon and throughout much of California (except the Central Valley and deserts) into northwestern Baja California, including Islas Todos Santos and San Martin along the Pacific Coast (Grismer 2002). This species has been introduced on Grand Cayman Island (probably via ornamental plants from southern Florida), but it is unknown whether or not the species is established there (Schwartz and Henderson 1991).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by thousands of occurrences or subpopulations.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but undoubtedly exceeds 1,000,000. Local subpopulations may include several thousand individuals (e.g., Fitch 1975, 1982).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"No major threats have been identified. Many local populations have been lost or reduced as a result of habitat destruction (Ernst and Ernst 2003), but these appear to amount to a small minority of the total distribution.","shortTermTrendComments":"Extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, number of subpopulations, and population size are very large and probably relatively stable.","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are in national parks or other well-protected areas.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100405,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Distance between hibernaculum and summer range estimated to average 121 m in Kansas study (Fitch 1975).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats earthworms; slugs; small salamanders, frogs, lizards, and snakes; and various other small invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive in winter in most areas.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":76,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100789,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100790,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101610,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101611,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1203,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Small Colubrid Snakes","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.2,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that snakes rarely if ever cross successfully; major river, lake, pond, or deep marsh (this barrier does not apply to aquatic or wetland species); densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Data are limited to only a few species, but small colubrid snakes such as Diadophis punctatus (Fitch 1975) and Carphophis amoenus (Barbour et al. 1969, Clark 1970) generally have relatively small home ranges less than, or much less than, 1 ha. However, because even small snakes occasionally move large distances (e.g., up to at least 1.7 km in Diadophis punctatus, Fitch 1975). Also, these snakes tend to be secretive and may be easily overlooked or not recorded in areas where they do in fact occur. It seems unlikely that occupied locations separated by a gap of less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":"This specs group is a somewhat arbitrary assemblage of small snakes that are believed to be among the most sedentary species of the family Colubridae.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:28.019404Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100405,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101983,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:59.157079Z"}],"references":[{"id":137479,"citation":"Blanchard, F.N. 1942. 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Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":722484,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2012. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 7th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 39:1-92.","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2012,"referenceCode":"B12CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.08501Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. 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Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46(3):1049-1070.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fontanella et al.","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08FON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-11-11T02:02:31.60592Z"},{"id":1168864,"citation":"Fontanella, F. M., E. Miles, and P. Strott. 2021. Integrated analysis of the ringneck snake <i>Diadophis punctatus</i> complex (Colubridae: Dipsadidae) in a biodiversity hotspot provides the foundation for conservation reassessment. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133(1):105-119.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fontanella et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21FON01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-07-31T21:46:54.606749Z"},{"id":1168866,"citation":"Fontanella, F. M., P. F. Victoriano, and J. W. Sites, Jr. 2017. Secondary contact, gene flow and clinal variation between two mtDNA lineages of the Northeastern ringneck snake <i>Diadophis punctatus edwardsii</i> (Colubroidea: Dipsadidae). 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This determination also serves as the 12-month finding on the 2015 petition to list the subspecies.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[{"infraspeciesId":790660,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.790660","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus punctatus</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus punctatus","primaryCommonName":"Southern Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.790660/Diadophis_punctatus_punctatus"},{"infraspeciesId":101763,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101763","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus vandenburghi</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus vandenburghi","primaryCommonName":"Monterey Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":100064,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100064","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus pulchellus</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus pulchellus","primaryCommonName":"Coral-bellied Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100064/Diadophis_punctatus_pulchellus"},{"infraspeciesId":100083,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100083","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus acricus</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus acricus","primaryCommonName":"Key Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100083/Diadophis_punctatus_acricus"},{"infraspeciesId":103801,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103801","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus modestus</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus modestus","primaryCommonName":"San Bernardino Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":102747,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102747","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus similis</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus similis","primaryCommonName":"San Diego Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":102372,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102372","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus edwardsii</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus edwardsii","primaryCommonName":"Northern Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102372/Diadophis_punctatus_edwardsii"},{"infraspeciesId":106579,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106579","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus arnyi</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus arnyi","primaryCommonName":"Prairie Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106579/Diadophis_punctatus_arnyi"},{"infraspeciesId":104323,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104323","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus amabilis</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus amabilis","primaryCommonName":"Pacific Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":null},{"infraspeciesId":104335,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104335","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus stictogenys</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus stictogenys","primaryCommonName":"Mississippi Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.104335/Diadophis_punctatus_stictogenys"},{"infraspeciesId":960053,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.960053","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus regalis</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus regalis","primaryCommonName":"Regal Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.960053/Diadophis_punctatus_regalis"},{"infraspeciesId":1384064,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384064","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus modestus</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus modestus","primaryCommonName":"San Bernardino Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384064/Diadophis_punctatus_modestus"},{"infraspeciesId":1384062,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384062","formattedScientificName":"<i>Diadophis punctatus amabilis</i>","scientificName":"Diadophis punctatus amabilis","primaryCommonName":"Pacific Ring-necked Snake","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1384062/Diadophis_punctatus_amabilis"}],"ebarId":"162821","ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000775"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100405,"reproductionComments":"Lays clutch of 1-18 eggs, usually in June or July. Eggs hatch in up to about 8 weeks. Sexually mature in 2-3 years. May possibly lay two clutches in south. Eggs are laid from late May through August in Florida. Communal nesting common.","ecologyComments":"Population density was estimated to be 719-1849/ha in Kansas study. Distances between recaptures averaged 80 m (range 0-1700 m) in same study; home range had maximum dimension of about 140 m (Fitch 1975).","habitatComments":"This snake occurs in forests, woodlands, grassland, chaparral, and riparian corridors in arid regions (Stebbins 2003). Habitats are moist, at least seasonally. One or multiple individuals often are found near abandoned buildings and in junk piles in wooded areas. During daylight hours, this snake generally hides underground, in or under logs, or under rocks, stumps or other surface cover. Eggs are laid (often communally) underground or under logs or rocks.","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-104841,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104842,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":2,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Résineux","displayOrder":3}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104843,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":3,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Mixte","displayOrder":4}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104844,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104845,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":5,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Conifer","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Conífera","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Résineux","displayOrder":7}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104846,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":6,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Mixed","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Mixto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Mixte","displayOrder":8}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104836,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104837,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104838,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104839,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":11,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Desert","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Desierto","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Désert","displayOrder":13}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104840,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":19,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cropland/hedgerow","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Tierras cultivadas/cerco vivo","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terre cultivée/haie","displayOrder":22}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-101093,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":6,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"Riparian","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"Ribereño","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"Riverain","displayOrder":6}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}