{"elementGlobalId":100401,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i>","scientificName":"Ambystoma jeffersonianum","scientificNameAuthor":"(Green, 1827)","primaryCommonName":"Jefferson Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i> (Green, 1827) (TSN 173598)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100401","elcode":"AAAAA01050","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i>","taxonomicComments":"Bogart (2019) discussed the biological and taxonomic history of the unisexual Ambystoma, concluding that “none of the various unisexual salamanders can be considered a distinct species.” Raffaëlli (2022) recognized A. platineum for the asexual forms, but most recent workers have not. See also Dubois and Rafaëlli (2012).<br/><br/>To accommodate the genetic variation in these salamanders (and the often uncertain genetic composition of particular populations), we have established for this database the following elements: (1) <i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i> (Jefferson Salamander), used for pure populations only; (2) <i>Ambystoma laterale</i> (Blue-spotted salamander), used for pure populations only; (3) <i>Ambystoma</i> hybrid pop. 1 (<i>jeffersonianum</i> x <i>laterale</i>; <i>jeffersonianum</i> genome dominates), used for hybrid populations dominated by the jeffersonianum genome (e.g., populations that include mainly LJJ individuals); this element includes \"Ambystoma platineum\"; (4) <i>Ambystoma</i> hybrid pop. 2 (<i>jeffersonianum</i> x <i>laterale</i>; <i>laterale</i> genome dominates), used for hybrid populations dominated by the laterale genome (e.g., populations that include mainly LLJ individuals); this element includes \"Ambystoma tremblayi\"; (5) <i>Ambystoma</i> pop. 3 (<i>jeffersonianum</i>/<i>laterale</i> complex - uncertain composition), used for populations for which chromosomal representation is unknown. If needed we could establish additional elements for hybrid populations that involve <i>A. laterale</i>, <i>A. texanum</i>, and/or <i>A. tigrinum</i>.","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-03-05","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2011); rev. R. L. Gundy (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166854,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":370442,"subnation":{"id":67,"nameEn":"Ontario","nameEs":"Ontario","nameFr":"Ontario","subnationCode":"ON","dnationId":38},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":370442,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2022,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166854,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementNationalId":165784,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados 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Jersey","nameEs":"Nueva Jersey","nameFr":"New Jersey","subnationCode":"NJ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":337100,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2001,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165784,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:33:29.681978Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100401/Ambystoma_jeffersonianum","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-03-05","grankReviewDate":"2025-03-05","grankReasons":"This species is widespread in eastern North America. It is threatened by habitat loss, especially uplands surrounding breeding wetlands. The current population trend is unknown, but the species has reportedly declined compared to historical levels.","grank":"G3G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100401,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":31,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30-50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in North America in the eastern United States and adjacent Ontario, Canada (Conant and Collins 1991, Petranka 1998, COSEWIC 2010). The range extends from western Illinois and western Kentucky northeastward to southern New York and Ontario (Conant and Collins 1991, Petranka 1998, COSEWIC 2010). Pure diploid populations have been confirmed throughout Pennsylvania and in southern New York (Bogart and Klemens 2008), east-central Illinois (Phillips et al. 1999), and Ontario (COSEWIC 2010). Using select Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from within the accepted diploid range, range extent is estimated to be approximately 675,000 km² (RARECAT 2024).<br/><br/>No pure diploid <i>A. jeffersonianum</i> populations were found northeast of New York in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, or Vermont (Bogart and Klemens 2008).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":94,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-2,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 2.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 2 500","bioticsKey":41},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Using select Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from within the accepted diploid range, range extent is estimated to be approximately 3,356 km², or 839 grid cells (RARECAT 2024). Due to the difficulty of distinguishing pure diploid and unisexual polyploid populations, this may be an overestimate (Bogart and Klemens 2008).","numberEosComments":"There are many occurrences throughout the range, although determining which populations are pure diploids is challenging (Petranka 1998, Phillips et al. 1999, Bogart and Klemens 2008, COSEWIC 2010).","popSizeComments":"The difficulty of identifying pure diploid individuals precludes population size assessments (Bogart and Klemens 2008, COSEWIC 2010).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"Vulnerable to detrimental alteration of vernal pool breeding sites, especially as a result of residential development (COSEWIC 2010). Threats to local populations likely include intensive timber harvesting practices that reduce canopy closure, understory vegetation, uncompacted forest litter, or coarse woody debris (moderately to well-decayed) in areas surrounding breeding sites (deMaynadier and Hunter 1999). Some local populations incur heavy road mortality during migrations to and from breeding sites (Klemens 1993, COSEWIC 2010).","shortTermTrendComments":null,"longTermTrendComments":"This species has experienced declines in distribution, area of occupancy, and population size (Petranka 1998, McCarthy et al. 2009, COSEWIC 2010, Van Drunen et al. 2020).","inventoryNeeds":"Regular monitoring and inventory using genetic methods is needed throughout the historically-accepted range to delineate the species' range, with special regard to the negative impacts of even non-lethal genetic sampling methods (McCarthy et al. 2009).","numberProtEosComments":"Many occurrences are protected on conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Protection of habitat should include a buffer of upland habitat that extends up to 1 km from a breeding site (COSEWIC 2010, Van Drunen et al. 2020).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100401,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In Kentucky, adults migrated an average of about 250 m from breeding pools to summer range; newly metamorphosed individuals apparently migrated lesser distances (average <100 m in one study) (Douglas and Monroe 1981). In Vermont, 6 radio-tagged individuals migrated 30-205 m (mean 93 m) from their breeding pool; likely a radius of about 175 m around a breeding pool would be needed to encompass 95% of a population (Faccio 2003).","foodHabitsComments":"Adults eat insects, worms, spiders, and other invertebrates, obtained mostly on land. Larvae eat small aquatic invertebrates and smaller amphibian larvae.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive late fall to early winter. Diurnal activity may occur in dark cloudy weather.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":21,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100786,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100787,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101605,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101606,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1000,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ambystomatid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to breeding sites (with the center of the circle in the center of the breeding site). Most ambystomatids stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool (see separation justification section).","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, especially at night during salamander breeding season, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; wide, fast rivers; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and hydrodynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes have been described as barriers but probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat. For A. barbouri, a stream-pool breeder, predatory fishes appeared to act as a barrier to larval dispersal and gene flow for populations separated by as little as 500-1000 m (Storfer 1999). Highly disturbed land, such as the cleared and bedded soils of some silvicultural site preparation, may serve as an impediment to movement of A. cingulatum (Means et al. 1996), although Ashton (1998) noted the species' use of pine plantations, pastures, and three-year-old clearcuts. Such areas should be treated as unsuitable habitat rather than barriers. <br><br>MOVEMENTS: Palis's (1997b) suggested use of 3.2 km between breeding sites to distinguish breeding populations of A. cingulatum was based on Ashton's (1992) finding that individuals may move as much as 1.6 km from their breeding ponds. Ambystoma californiense sometimes migrates up to 2 km between breeding ponds and terrestrial habitat (see USFWS 2004). Funk and Dunlap (1999) found that A. macrodactylum managed to recolonize lakes after trout extirpation despite evidence of low levels of interpopulation dispersal. Based on a review of several Ambystoma species (e.g., Semlitsch 1981, Douglas and Monroe 1981, Kleeberger and Werner 1983, Madison 1997), Semlitsch (1998) concluded that a radius of less than 200 meters around a breeding pond would likely encompass the terrestrial habitat used by more than 95 percent of adults. Faccio's (2003) study of radio-tagged A. maculatum and A. jeffersonianum in Vermont supports this conclusion. In New York, all movements of A. tigrinum occurred in areas within 300 m of the nearest breeding pond (Madison and Farrand 1998). However, most studies of these salamanders had small sample sizes and/or were not designed to detect long-distance movements, so migration distance may be somewhat underestimated.<br><br>In summary, ambystomatid salamanders generally stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool. Due to high breeding site fidelity and limitation of breeding to pool basins, populations using different breeding sites exhibit little or no interbreeding among adults. Thus one might argue that each pool constitutes a separate occurrence or that the separation distance for suitable habitat should be the nominal minimum of 1 km. However, little is known about how frequently first-time (or experienced) breeders use non-natal pools (pools from which they did not originate) or how far they may move to such sites. Frequent colonization of new and remote habitats by at least some species suggests that dispersal movements sometimes may be longer than typical adult migration distances. It seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:15.597347Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100401,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Range-wide genomic studies needed to gain a better understand of range extent and area of occupancy of pure diploid populations.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101979,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:58.515986Z"}],"references":[{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. x + 334 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barbour","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":762801,"citation":"Bi, K. and J. P. Bogart. 2010. Time and time again: unisexual salamanders (genus <i>Ambystoma</i>) are the oldest unisexual vertebrates. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 238 (doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-238).","shortCitationAuthor":"Bi and Bogart","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10BIK01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:06.624684Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":762799,"citation":"Bogart, J.P. 2003. Genetics and systematics of hybrid species. Pages 109-134 In: D.M. Sever (ed.), Reproductive biology and phylogeny of Urodela, Vol 1, Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bogart","shortCitationYear":2003,"referenceCode":"A03BOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:21:06.640411Z"},{"id":1167454,"citation":"Bogart, J. P. 2019. Unisexual salamanders in the genus <i>Ambystoma</i>. Herpetologica 75(4):259-267.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bogart","shortCitationYear":2019,"referenceCode":"A19BOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:39:10.080157Z"},{"id":115062,"citation":"Bogart, J.P. and L.E. Licht. 1987. Evidence for the requirement of sperm in unisexual salamander hybrids (genus <i>Ambystoma</i>). Canadian Field-Naturalist. 101:434-436.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bogart and Licht","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"A87BOG02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:47.663805Z"},{"id":101795,"citation":"Bogart, J.P. and M.W. Klemens. 1997. Hybrids and genetic interactions of mole salamanders (<i>Ambystoma jeffersonianum</i> and <i>A. laterale</i>) (Amphibia: Caudata) in New York and New England. American Museum Novitates (3218):1-78.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bogart and Klemens","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"B97BOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:47.663805Z"},{"id":762829,"citation":"Bogart, J.P. and M.W. Klemens. 2008. Additional distributional records of <i>Ambystoma laterale</i>, <i>A. jeffersonianum</i> (Amphibia: Caudata) and their unisexual kleptogens in northeastern North America. 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