{"elementGlobalId":100341,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Necturus lewisi</i>","scientificName":"Necturus lewisi","scientificNameAuthor":"Brimley, 1924","primaryCommonName":"Neuse River Waterdog","relatedItisNames":"<i>Necturus lewisi</i> Brimley, 1924 (TSN 173627)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100341","elcode":"AAAAE01030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Necturus lewisi</i>","taxonomicComments":"Nelson et al. (2017) reported a population of <i>Necturus </i>aff. <i>lewisi</i> from the western side of the Appalachian range in eastern Tennessee, which seemingly is involved in ongoing hybridization with <i>N. maculosus</i> (Frost 2020).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2026-01-18","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G. (2013); rev. R. L. Gundy (2026)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163813,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N2","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":389165,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S2","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":389165,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2013,"nrank":"N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":163813,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:33:19.772976Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100341/Necturus_lewisi","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2013-04-18","grankReviewDate":"2026-01-18","grankReasons":"This species is limited to the Neuse and Tar river drainages of North Carolina. The population has declined by about 50% in area of occupancy and abundance. It continues to decline due to sedimentation with additional threats from invasive species, droughts, and dams.","grank":"G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100341,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":5,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Narrow.  Specialist or community with key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Estrecho.  Especialista o comunidad con requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Étroit. Spécialistes ou communautés répondant aux critères clés sont répandues."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":{"id":1,"numberProtEosDescEn":"None. No occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Ninguno. No hay casos adecuadamente protegidos y gestionados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Aucun. Aucune occurrence protégée et contrôlée convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":37,"popSizeDescEn":"Unknown","popSizeDescEs":"Desconocido","popSizeDescFr":"Inconnu"},"rangeExtent":{"id":26,"rangeExtentDescEn":"5000-20,000 square km (about 2000-8000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 5.000 a 20.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 2.000 a 8.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 5 000 à 20 000 km carrés (de 2 000 à 8 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":31,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-50%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 50%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 50 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the Neuse (including the Trent River sub-basin) and Tar-Pamlico river basins of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain in northeastern North Carolina, United States (Petranka 1998, USFWS 2023). Using all historical Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2026) records, range extent is estimated to be 18,019 km² (RARECAT 2025). Based on 2018-2020 surveys throughout the historical range, range extent has not drastically declined (Teitsworth et al. 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":25,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":5,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"1-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 1 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 1 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"21-100","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 21 a 100","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 21 à 100","bioticsKey":26},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Using all historical GBIF (2026) records, historical area of occupancy is estimated to have been 179 km² (RARECAT 2025). Current range extent based on 2011-2015 and 2018-2020 surveys throughout the range indicate area of occupancy may be reduced to as little as 40 km² (Teitsworth et al. 2024).","numberEosComments":"Based on multiple surveys since 2011, there are approximately 30-50 occurrences throughout the range (USFWS 2023, Teitsworth et al. 2024). USFWS (2023) reported presence in 37 HUC-10 watersheds.","popSizeComments":"Virtually all surveys for this species have been occupancy surveys with no estimates of population size available.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The primary threat to this species is sedimentation. Sedimentation fills in the spaces between larger substrate types (e.g., gravel, cobble, rocks) where females lay eggs, eliminating potential reproduction sites (Braswell and Ashton 1985, USFWS 2023, Teitsworth et al. 2024). Sedimentation occurs through water development projects (e.g., impoundments, stream channelization), pollution from agricultural runoff, hog farm wastes, pesticides, and industrial and urban development (Bury et al. 1980, Braswell and Ashton 1985, USFWS 2023, Teitsworth et al. 2024). Drying of occupied streams results in extirpation from the area and dams prevent natural recolonization (Teitsworth et al. 2024). A significant portion of the habitat in the upper Neuse drainage has been destroyed or degraded (Braswell 1989), and continued development threatens additional habitat. Invasive catfish and crayfish are likely preying on this species (Teitsworth et al. 2024). Water quality pollution appears to be a minor threat (Teitsworth et al. 2024).","shortTermTrendComments":"Area of occupancy has decreased by nearly 50% since 1979-1981 surveys, especially in the upstream reaches of occupied waterways (Braswell and Ashton 1985, USFWS 2023, Teitsworth et al. 2024).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined in abundance and area of occupancy throughout the range (Braswell and Ashton 1985, USFWS 2023, Teitsworth et al. 2024).","inventoryNeeds":"Assess abundance throughout the range. Survey the metropolitan areas of Raleigh and Durham.","numberProtEosComments":"It is present on Croatan National Forest. No occurrences are adequately protected from threats (USFWS 2023).","protectionNeeds":"Restore uplands surrounding occupied waterways to stop excessive sedimentation rates. Remove dams preventing natural recolonization of extirpated sites.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species has limited dispersal ability to recolonize previously-extirpated sites (Braswell and Ashton 1985).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species requires clear water streams and rivers with coarse substrates (USFWS 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100341,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Known to eat crayfish, snails, and insects.","animalPhenologyComments":"Seldom observed in summer.","colonialBreeder":false,"length":28,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101536,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1172,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Proteid Salamanders (Waterdogs)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.1,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Dams and impoundments (except N. maculosus); upland habitat","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"These salamanders are strictly aquatic and cannot cross upland habitat. With the exception of N. maculosus, these salamanders are unlikely to successfully traverse an impoundment to reach suitable habitat downstream from a dam, unless the impoundment is very small. Because waterdogs do not climb and probably cannot use fishways, virtually all dams constitute a barrier to upstream movements. <br><br>Heavily silted or polluted streams may constitute a barrier or at least unsuitable habitat, depending on the severity of the conditions. <br><br>Based on data for the hellbender (Cryptobranchus allegheniensis), home ranges probably tend to be small, but information on periodic long-range movements, dispersal distances, and recolonization ability is not available. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The 10-km separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the ease of movement and dispersal along riverine habitats and the likely low probability than locations separated by less than 10 km of suitable habitat would represent independent populations.","versionDate":"2004-03-15","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:55.582302Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100341,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"The primary management need for this species is habitat restoration. In particular, reforestation of riparian vegetation and uplands adjacent to historical and occupied waterways is needed (Teitsworth et al. 2024). Collaboration with private landowners is crucial for restoration efforts. Implement strict erosion control protocols for any future projects involving vegetation loss near occupied waterways. Removal of dams, especially relictual dams no longer serving intended historical purposes, can aid natural recolonization of extirpated stream stretches upstream of dams (Teitsworth et al. 2024).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101921,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:45.015753Z"}],"references":[{"id":463060,"citation":"Ashton, Jr, R.E. 1985. Field and laboratory observations on microhabitat selection, movements, and home range of Necturus lewisi (Brimley). Brimleyana. 10:83-106.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ashton","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85ASH0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:37.86863Z"},{"id":100099,"citation":"Ashton, Jr, R.E. 1990. Necturus lewisi. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 456:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ashton","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A90ASH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:37.86863Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. 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