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in North America, abundant in many areas; not of conservation concern in the vast majority of the range, though many local populations have declined as a result of agricultural and residential development and intensive timber harvesting practices.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100332,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":2,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Very narrow to narrow.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Muy estrecho a estrecho.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De très étroit à étroit."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":38,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to increase of 25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a aumento de 25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à augmentation de 25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 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change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"Range extends from northern Alaska across boreal Canada to Labrador (Chubbs and Phillips 1998), and south to New Jersey, northern Georgia, and northern Idaho; spotty distribution south to northern Colorado in Rocky Mountains (Hammerson 1999); disjunct populations also occur in Arkansas-Missouri (Stebbins 1985, Conant and Collins 1991). Range extends farther north than that of any other North American amphibian.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"This species is represented by thousands of occurrences (subpopulations).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is likely more than 1,000,000.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species is not threatened overall, but threats to local populations include intensive timber harvesting practices that reduce canopy closure, understory vegetation, uncompacted forest litter, or coarse woody debris (moderately to well-decayed) in areas surrounding breeding sites (deMaynadier and Hunter 1999). Negative impacts of intensive timber harvesting extend at least 25-35 meters into uncut forest (deMaynadier and Hunter 1998). <br /><br />Wood frogs are not likely to be at risk from present acidification inputs in the Rocky Mountains (Corn and Vertucci 1992).","shortTermTrendComments":"Population trend is unknown but probably stable to slightly declining.","longTermTrendComments":"Likely relatively stable in extent of occurrence, likely less than 25% decline in in population size, area of occurrence, and number/condition of occurrences.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs in many national parks, wildlife refuges, and wilderness areas, however, protection of land may not protect the species where declines may be caused by acidification, ozone depletion, disease, or other causes.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100332,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates up to several hundred meters between breeding ponds and nonbreeding terrestrial habitats. In Maine, adult and juvenile <i>R. sylvatica</i> readily traveled in excess of 300 m from their pools of origin (Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2004). Bellis (1965) determined that adult and juvenile <i>R. sylvatica</i> in a peat bog had traveled at least 410 m from the nearest breeding pool. Berven and Grudzien (1990) found that dispersing <i>R. sylvatica</i> juveniles traveled an average of 1,208 m from their natal pools.<br><br>Usually remains in an area <100 m across after leaving the breeding pond. <br><br>In the Shenandoah Mountains, dispersal data indicated than ponds separated by a distance greater than 1000 m should experience little gene flow (Berven and Grudzien 1991). In Minnesota, populations were very similar in allelic frequencies, even at distances greater than several kilometers (Squire and Newman 2002). However, sample sizes and number of loci examined were small, and genetic patterns do not necessarily reflect movement distances.<br><br>See Mazerolle (2001) for information on movement patterns in fragmented peat bogs in New Brunswick.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed frogs eat various small invertebrates, mostly terrestrial forms. Larvae eat algae, plant tissue, organic debris, and minute organisms in water; capable of eating amphibian eggs and hatchlings and invertebrates as well (Petranka et al., Copeia 1994:691-697; Petranka and Kennedy 1999; Baldwin and Calhoun, 2002, Herpetol. Rev. 33:44-45).","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive during cold season in north and at high elevations. Primarily diurnal in northwest and in spring at high elevations, though breeding activities may occur at night as well. Most active in summer in damp conditions.<br><br>Wood frogs spend the winter on land and sometimes endure freezing of their blood and other extracellular body fluids. With warming weather they thaw out and proceed with their lives uninjured.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":8,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100740,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100741,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100742,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101520,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101521,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1179,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ranid Frogs","subtypes":"Breeding Location","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway, especially at night, such that frogs rarely if ever cross successfully; urban development dominated by buildings and pavement; habitat in which site-specific data indicate the frogs virtually never occur.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and flow dynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Ranid frog species vary in habitat use, but even the most aquatic species may traverse upland habitat when conditions are suitable (Pope and Matthews 2001); natural and seminatural upland habitat generally does not constitute a barrier. Here, unsuitable habitat refers to upland habitat devoid or nearly devoid of wetlands, streams, ponds, or lakes. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes may be barriers to some species but suitable habitat for others; in most cases, such waters probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat.<br /><br />SUITABLE HABITAT (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Suitable habitat includes riparian/riverine corridors, wetlands, and wetland/upland mosaics in which wetland patches are separated by less than 1 km of upland habitat; it also includes any upland habitat regularly used for feeding or wintering (e.g., mesic forest for wood frogs).<br /><br />MOVEMENTS (Applies to most North American ranids, but not <i>Lithobates sevosa</i> or <i>L. </i><i>capit</i>o): Available information indicates that individual ranids occasionally move distances of several km (<i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser 1996, cited by Koch et al. 1997; <i>R. blairi</i>: Gillis 1975) but most individuals stay within a few kilometers of their breeding sites (<i>R. aurora draytonii</i>: USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. capito</i>: Franz et al. 1988; <i>R. clamitans</i>: Lamoureux and Madison 1999; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Turner 1960, Hollenbeck 1974, Bull and Hayes 2001). Similarly, maximum distance between capture points generally is a few kilometers or less (<i>R. aurora</i>: Hayes et al. 2001; USFWS, Federal Register, 11 September 2000; <i>L. catesbeiana</i>: Willis et al. 1956; <i>R. luteiventris</i>: Reaser and Pilliod, in press; Engle 2000; <i>R. muscosa</i>: Pope and Matthews 2001). Dispersal data for juveniles are lacking for most species.<br /><br />Adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> readily traveled in excess of 300 m from their pools of origin (Vasconcelos and Calhoun 2004). Bellis (1965) determined that adult and juvenile <i>L. sylvaticus</i> in a peat bog had traveled at least 410 m from the nearest breeding pool. Berven and Grudzien (1990) found that dispersing <i>L. sylvaticus</i> juveniles traveled an average of 1,208 m from their natal pools. In the Shenandoah Mountains, data for <i>L. sylvaticus</i> indicated that ponds separated by a distance greater than 1,000 m should experience little gene flow (Berven and Grudzien 1991). In contrast, populations in Minnesota were very similar in allelic frequencies, even at distances greater than several kilometers (Squire and Newman 2002). However, sample sizes and number of loci examined were small, and genetic patterns do not necessarily reflect movement distances.<br /><br />See Humphries and Sisson (2012) for information about movements, habitat needs, and area requirements for <i>L. capito</i>.<br /><br />The preponderance of data for ranids indicate that a separation distance of several kilometers may be appropriate for suitable habitat and practical for occurrence delineation, despite occasional movements that are longer and that may allow some genetic interchange between distant populations. The movement data for ranids are here regarded as consistent enough to allow the same separation distance to be used for different species; much of the apparent variation in movements doubtless reflects differences in study methods and in the ability to detect long-distance movements.","versionDate":"2005-04-01","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-10-03T20:47:46.301189Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100332,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"Readily colonizes newly constructed suitable breeding habitat (Hopey and Petranka 1994). See Guttman et al. (1991) for information on a population that was successfully reintroduced into a portion of St. Louis County, Missouri.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101913,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:41.968974Z"}],"references":[{"id":762966,"citation":"Anderson, B.C. 2004. An opportunistic amphibian inventory in Alaska's national parks 2001-2003. Anchorage, AK: National Park Service, Inventory and Monitoring Program.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"U04AND61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.272961Z"},{"id":137476,"citation":"Bagdonas, K.R. and D. Pettus. 1976. Genetic compatibility in wood frogs. J. Herpetol. 10:105-112.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bagdonas and Pettus","shortCitationYear":1976,"referenceCode":"A76BAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:35.663606Z"},{"id":763024,"citation":"Baldwin, R.F. and A.J.K. Calhoun. 2002. <i>Ambystoma laterale</i> (Blue-spotted Salamander) and <i>Ambystoma maculatum</i> (Spotted Salamander). Herpetological Review. 33(1):44-45.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baldwin and Calhoun","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02BAL61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:35.647993Z"},{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. x + 334 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barbour","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":444148,"citation":"Bellis, E. D. 1965. Home range movements of the wood frog in a northern bog. Ecology 46:90-98.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bellis","shortCitationYear":1965,"referenceCode":"A65BEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:35.647993Z"},{"id":133886,"citation":"Berven, K. A. 1988. Factors affecting variation in reproductive traits within a population of wood frogs (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>). Copeia 1988:605-615.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berven","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88BER02NAUS","lastModified":"2021-07-03T03:51:21.303637Z"},{"id":129681,"citation":"Berven, K. A., and T. A. Grudzien. 1990. Dispersal in the wood frog (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>): implications for genetic population structure. 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Larvae: dorsum with blackish and olive-gray pigment; sides shiny bronze or pinkish; eyes dorsal; tail fin high, strongly arched dorsally; tail fins with dark spots and blotches; labial tooth rows 2/3 or 3/4; oral papillae encircle mouth, with wide gap above mandibles; papillae indented at angle of jaw, dense at sides of mouth; anus on right side at front end of ventral tail fin; maximum total length around 52 mm. Eggs: black above, whitish below, about 2 mm in diameter, each surrounded by two jelly envelopes, deposited usually communally in large globular masses about the size of a baseball or tennis ball and usually including several hundred eggs. 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