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Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","conceptName":"<i>Fratercula arctica</i>","taxonomicComments":"Constitutes a superspecies with <i>F. corniculata</i> (AOU 1983). Morphologic and genetic data (Moen 1991) cast doubt on the validity of the three subspecies, which were described solely on the basis of body size.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":163103,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"N5B,N5N","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":404294,"subnation":{"id":63,"nameEn":"New Brunswick","nameEs":"New 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and abundant; large declines historically; populations now probably increasing overall, although local declines are occurring.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100307,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":12,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 50-90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 50 a 90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 50 à 90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":14,"numberEosDescEn":"81 to >300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a >300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à >300"},"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":{"id":41,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable to increase of <25%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable a un aumento de <25%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable à augmentation de <25 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDING: High arctic in eastern Canada and western Greenland south to Gulf of Maine (Matinicus Rock, Eastern Egg Rock, Seal Island) and from Iceland, Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemyla, and northwestern Russia south to northern France. NON-BREEDING: widely dispersed offshore, mostly in boreal waters, south to Massachusetts and Canary Islands (AOU 1983).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Global population 3.8-8.2 million, about half of which breed in Iceland (Nettleship and Evans 1985). North American population 350,000-400,000 breeding pairs (Rodway et al. 1996, Chardine 1999). Censuses in the 1970s and early 1980s yielded an estimate of about 365,000 breeding pairs in Canada/New England, mostly along the coasts of southeastern Newfoundland and Labrador; about 1100 pairs, Nova Scotia to Maine (population declined in late 1970s-early 1980s, Evans and Nettleship 1985). As of 1985, about 300 were breeding in Maine (Spendelow and Patton 1988). See Evans (1984) for population data from Greenland. Total population of F. A. GRAABE (European subspecies) estimated to be 901,000 (Lloyd et al. 1991).","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"In Greenland, egg-collecting (and less importantly hunting and deaths in salmon gill nets) may be significant threats. Many drown in surface-set and bottom-set gill nets in the fishery off Newfoundland; mortality acute during period when capelin form dense spawning schools inshore (Piatt and Nettleship 1985). Affected by hunting in Newfoundland and Gulf of St. Lawrence; breeding success has been reduced in some areas due to competition with fisheries for common food resource (e.g., capelin) and to increased predation and kleptoparasitism by large gulls (Brown and Nettleship 1984). On islands off Labrador, colonizing arctic foxes preyed heavily on puffins and reduced their breeding success (Birkhead and Nettleship 1995).","shortTermTrendComments":"Global trend unknown. North American population probably growing, although local trends vary (Lowther et al. 2002). In New Brunswick, the number of puffin apparently occupied burrows increased in 2024 by 33% from the previous census in 2017. It is thought that the breeding population of puffins peaked between 2017 and 2024 and has since dropped (NatureScot 2026).","longTermTrendComments":"Historically, populations drastically reduced through egging and hunting (Nettleship and Evans 1985).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100307,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Birds breeding in Greenland and Newfoundland probably remain in the wstern Atlantic region (Brown 1985). Returns to breeding grounds in Maine in March (Cowger 1976), in Newfoundland around mid-April (Harris and Birkhead 1985), in Greenland first half of May.","foodHabitsComments":"Summer diet mainly schooling fishes (herring, sandlance, capelin, gadids); importance of invertebrates (crustaceans, polychaetes) varies; chicks fed fishes; usually forages at depths of less than 60 m (Burger and Simpson 1986, Piatt and Nettleship 1985, Bradstreet and Brown 1985).","animalPhenologyComments":"In low latitude colonies, adults do not feed young at night (Bradstreet and Brown 1985).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":32,"width":null,"weight":381,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101479,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101480,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1045,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Somewhat arbitrary, but generally very conservative for this group, many members of which travel long distances to foraging grounds.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map foraging areas as separate polygons if they are separated from the breeding colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Where colonies are closer than 5 kilometers, separate occurrences may be created if research shows little genetic mixing between colonies.","separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting and foraging areas, but occurrence separations are based on nesting areas (i.e., distance between nesting areas, regardless of foraging locations). Hence, different occurrences may overlap.<br><br>Occurrences are not based on discrete populations or metapopulations. Instead, the separation distance is arbitrarily small such that occurrences are of of practical size for data management purposes. <br><br>Evidence from a number of species of seabirds indicates that even though the 'home ranges' of individual nesting seabirds may be immense when foraging trips are taken into account, little movement or feeding overlap may occur between nearby colonies. For example, Thick-billed Murres may commute up to 170 kilometers one way on a feeding trip from the colony, but birds from a colony only 8 kilometers away may forage in a completely different direction; even birds from different sub-colonies only 1.5 kilometers apart mostly fed in completely separate areas (Gaston and Hipfner 2000).  <br><br>Most seabirds have strong breeding site fidelity; e.g., Thick-billed Murres (Gaston and Hipfner 2000, Gaston et al. 1994), Gray-backed Tern (Mostello et al. 2000), Red-footed Booby (Schreiber et al. 1996).","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1046,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Feeding area, Loafing site, Roosting site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds (including historical), including nonbreeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season; and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 25 birds regularly occur for more than 20 days per year would be deemed EOs; the number of individuals may be reduced for very rare species. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary; defined this small to aid in conservation planning. Sites more than 10 kilometers apart may be joined as one occurrence if research shows that predominantly the same individuals are using both sites.","versionDate":"2001-03-07","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100307,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for management recommendations. <br><br>Has recolonized certain islands as result of reintroduction programs (e.g., began breeding on Eastern Egg Rock [Maine] after extensive transplants of young birds from Newfoundland, gull control, and use of models and vocalizations to attract puffins).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for research recommendations.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101888,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:35.546837Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. 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No. 2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barrett and Vader","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"A84BAR03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":133558,"citation":"Bent, A.C. 1919. Life histories of North American diving birds. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 107. Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bent","shortCitationYear":1919,"referenceCode":"B19BEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:16.116448Z"},{"id":103167,"citation":"Birkhead, T. R., and D. N. Nettleship. 1995. Arctic fox influence on a seabird community in Labrador: a natural experiment. Wilson Bulletin 107:397-412.","shortCitationAuthor":"Birkhead and Nettleship","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95BIR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:30.929185Z"},{"id":119458,"citation":"Birkhead, T. R., and M. P. Harris. 1985. Ecological adaptations for breeding in the Atlantic Alcidae. Pages 205-231 in Nettleship, D. N., and T. R. Birkhead, eds. The Atlantic Alcidae. 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