{"elementGlobalId":100280,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":4,"iucnDescEn":"Endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro de extinción","iucnDescFr":"En voie de disparition","iucnCode":"EN"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Glyptemys insculpta</i>","scientificName":"Glyptemys insculpta","scientificNameAuthor":"(Le Conte, 1830)","primaryCommonName":"Wood Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Glyptemys insculpta</i> (LeConte, 1830) (TSN 668669)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100280","elcode":"ARAAD02020","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Clemmys insculpta</i>","taxonomicComments":"Molecular data and morphological evidence indicate that the genus <i>Clemmys </i>(sensu McDowell 1964) is paraphyletic (see Bickham et al. 1996, Holman and Fritz 2001, Feldman and Parham 2002). Based on morphological data, Holman and Fritz (2001) split <i>Clemmys </i>as follows: <i>Clemmys guttata </i>was retained as the only member of the genus; <i>Clemmys insculpta </i>and <i>C</i>. <i>muhlenbergii </i>were placed in the genus <i>Glyptemys </i>(as first reviser, Holman and Fritz gave <i>Glyptemys </i>Agassiz, 1857, precedence over the simultaneously published genus <i>Calemys </i>Agassiz, 1857); and <i>Clemmys marmorata </i>was transferred to the monotypic genus <i>Actinemys</i>.<br/><br/>Genetic data support the basic features of this arrangement. An analysis of emydid relationships based on molecular data (Feldman and Parham 2002) identified four well-supported clades: <i>Terrapene</i>; <i>Clemmys guttata</i>; <i>C</i>. <i>insculpta </i>and <i>C</i>. <i>muhlenbergii</i>; and <i>Clemmys marmorata</i>, <i>Emys orbicularis</i>, and <i>Emydoidea blandingii</i>. Feldman and Parham retained <i>Clemmys guttata </i>as the only member of that genus; regarded <i>Clemmys marmorata</i>, <i>Emys orbicularis</i>, and <i>Emydoidea blandingii</i> as congeneric (in the genus <i>Emys</i>, which has priority); and placed <i>C</i>. <i>insculpta </i>and <i>C</i>. <i>muhlenbergii</i> in the genus <i>Calemys</i>. However, Feldman and Parham were unaware that Holman and Fritz (2001) had given <i>Glyptemys </i>precedence over <i>Calemys</i>, so the correct generic name for these turtles under the arrangement of Feldman and Parham is <i>Glyptemys</i>. In contrast to Holman and Fritz (2001), Feldman and Parham (2002) argued that placing <i>Clemmys marmorata </i>in the monotypic genus <i>Actinemys </i>would unnecessarily obscure its phylogenetic relationships, and they recommended that <i>marmorata </i>be included in the genus <i>Emys</i>. <br/><br/>See also McDowell (1964), Merkle (1975), Lovich et al. (1991), and Bickham et al. (1996) for information on relationships among turtles of the genus <i>Clemmys</i> (sensu lato).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-01-17","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and J. Soule (2010); rev. R. L. 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One of the primary reasons behind the population decline is a very low rate of nests hatching and a low rate of juveniles surviving to adulthood, which takes 14-18 years. It is also impacted by habitat loss and degradation, heavy predation by natural predators, direct mortality from road vehicles and agricultural equipment, habitat loss and degradation, illegal collection, and climate change.","grank":"G2G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100280,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":2,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly to moderately vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente a moderadamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De très à moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":26,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-70%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 30 al 70%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 70 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":17,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some to many (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos a muchos (13-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De quelques-uns à plusieurs (de 13 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":20,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 30-80%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de 30 a 80","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 30 à 80 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":2,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Very high - high","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Muy alto - alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Très élevé — élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species ranges from northern Virginia west to eastern Minnesota, United States and north to southern Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, Canada (Ernst and Lovich 2009). There is speculation it once lived in Ohio (Thompson 1953, Conant 1975, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Using records from post-2004 (the past 20 years) from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2024), GeoCat (2024) estimated range extent to be 1.543 million km².","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":94,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"501-2,500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 501 a 2.500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 501 à 2 500","bioticsKey":41},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"The range is broken up by the Great Lakes. It occurs most densely east of the Great Lakes in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. A second group exists in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The western, more sparsely populated, portion is made up of northeastern Iowa, eastern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (Ernst and Lovich 2009). It has never been known from Illinois or Indiana and no extant populations are known in Ohio (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Using a combination of iNaturalist (2024) and GBIF (2024) records, GeoCat estimated area of occupancy to be 5,544 km², or 1,386 grid cells.","numberEosComments":"The number of occurrences has not been determined using standardized occurrence specifications, but there are probably at least a few hundred distinct occurrences.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10,000. Ernst and Lovich (2009) discuss population density at a variety of sites in its range.","viabilityComments":"Judging by the widespread reports of declining populations (Spradling et al. 2010, Willoughby et al. 2013, Cochrane et al. 2018, Lapin et al. 2019, Hillman and Jones 2020), only a small proportion of occurrences likely have good or excellent long-term viability. A population along a 37.5-km stretch of river in Michigan is one of the only populations documented to have good viability (Schneider et al. 2018).","threatImpactComments":"This species is highly threatened by habitat loss, predation, illegal collection, low hatching success, strikes by vehicles and agricultural equipment, pollution, and climate change. One of the primary threats is low nest hatching success and low juvenile survival rates (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Spradling et al. 2010, Lapin et al. 2019, Duchak and Burke 2022). As aging adults die out, those individuals are not being replaced by a younger generation. This causes slow, and difficult to detect, declines. Suspected mechanisms suppressing nest success include high rates of predation (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Spradling et al. 2010), flooding (Spradling et al. 2010), soil erosion (Ernst and Lovich 2009), and, at one site in New Jersey, lead contamination (Duchak and Burke 2022). Beside nest failure, direct mortality or removal from the wild is a serious ongoing threat. All age classes appear to be threatened by predation by natural predators throughout the range (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Spradling et al. 2010, Cochrane et al. 2018, Mullin et al. 2023). It is suspected that the rate of predation has increased due to predators surviving well in close association with humans (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Large-scale agriculture has also been a major source of mortality and habitat loss (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Disc mowing has been shown to cause direct mortality to enough individuals to cause extirpation of populations in agricultural settings over time (Saumure et al. 2007). Illegal collection has been responsible for dramatic population declines in the past and continues to be a moderate threat despite protections (Levell 2000, Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hopkins et al. 2022). In 1992, the wood turtle was listed in Appendix II of the CITES treaty, requiring permits for export of the species (CITES.org). The summary prepared for its listing (Inclusion of <i>Clemmys insculpta</i> in Appendix II United States of America Doc. 8.46: No. 51) indicated that \"reviewers concur that protective legislation at state and provincial levels in the United States and Canada appears to have done little to curb collection of this species.\" Levell (2000) discussed commercial exploitation for the live animal trade.<br/>Habitat loss due to development and agriculture is an ongoing threat (Ernst and Lovich 2009). This threat is somewhat lessened by this species’ tolerance of moderate development or disturbance, such as second homes, timber harvest, light grazing, and low-intensity agriculture (Harding 1997). On the other hand, intense use, such as high-use canoe put-ins and campgrounds generally result in absence of the turtles along such stretches of stream (Harding, pers. comm.).<br/>Climate change, particularly from the effect of rising temperatures, is projected to decrease optimal habitat and suitable habitat for this species by 62–86% and 29-52% by 2070, respectively (Mothes et al. 2020).","shortTermTrendComments":"In general, this species has been declining throughout its range and is expected to continue declining (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Mothes et al. 2020). In the 21st century, there have been documented declines in Iowa (Spradling et al. 2010, Lapin et al. 2019), Michigan (Willoughby et al. 2013), Minnesota (Cochrane et al. 2018, Lapin et al. 2019), New Hampshire (Hillman and Jones 2020), and Wisconsin (Lapin et al. 2019). Optimal habitat and suitable habitat are expected to decline by 62-86% and 29-52% by 2070, respectively (Mothes et al. 2020). The only population reported to be increasing is along 37.5-km stretch of river in Michigan (Schneider et al. 2018).","longTermTrendComments":"This species declined in numbers greatly throughout the 20th century (Saumure et al. 2007, Ernst and Lovich 2009). There do not appear to be any large-scale extirpations or range contractions. In the Great Lakes region, many local populations were greatly reduced or extirpated by human activities (Harding 1997). In southern Quebec, a local population in an agricultural area along the Sutton River declined by 50% over 7 seven years (Daigle and Jutras 2005).","inventoryNeeds":"Range-wide surveys are needed to assess population size, demographics, and survival rates. eDNA can be a useful tool for determining if sites are occupied by this species (Akre et al. 2019). Visual encounter surveys should take place within 10 m of waterways during the pre-nesting and nesting seasons (Flanagan et al. 2013). Scent detection dogs may be an effective survey tool and should be studied further.","numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs on many conservation lands. However, threats affecting this species have not been adequately addressed and it is unknown how many occurrences are adequately managed and protected.","protectionNeeds":"Increased effectiveness at deterring illegal collection is needed (Levell 2000, Hopkins et al. 2022). Isotope analysis could be a useful tool for enforcing wildlife trafficking laws to reduce illegal collection for the pet trade (Hopkins et al. 2022).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species' primary vulnerability is that it is very slow to mature. Maturity is reached around 14-18 years of age (Ernst and Lovich 2009). This species is not limited by mobility. Adults are highly mobile, capable of moving up to 1 km in a day (Parren 2013, Latham et al. 2023), 8.6 km in a year (Jones and Willey 2020), and 16.3 km over a three-year period (Jones and Willey 2020). However, the tendency to have small home ranges does make them vulnerable to collection. In the absence of threats, this species can be quite fecund (Ernst and Lovich 2009). It is very long-lived, capable of reaching over 40 years of age (Ernst and Lovich 2009).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species is adaptable to a wide variety of aquatic habitats with moving water and uplands (Ernst and Lovich 2009)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100280,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In Virginia, a male moved 1 km in one day from his hibernaculum to his normal home range (Ernst and McBreen 1991, Mitchell 1991). In New Hampshire, Tuttle (1996) recorded movements of over 900 m in one day.<br/><br/>After eggs are laid, adults in eastern populations often disperse to more upland areas for summer range, where they tend to remain within a fairly defined, though variably sized, area (referred to as \"home range\" below).<br/><br/>The home range is often elongate because of the tendency to follow streams (Strang 1983). Virtually all turtle locations are within 150-300 m of streams used by the turtles (Harding and Bloomer 1979, Arvisais et al. 2002). Based on the 95% convex polygon method, the largest home ranges have been documented in Quebec and Ontario (averaging about 24-28 ha; largest single-season home range = 132 ha) (Quinn and Tate 1991, Arvisais et al. 2002). Maps in Quinn and Tate (1991) depicted home ranges of up to about 1.9 km in longest dimension; one female moved 3.6 km in a fairly straight line from her apparent nesting site to her late summer range. Home range size documented by others is an order of magnitude smaller (average less than 7 ha) (Strang 1983, Kaufmann 1995, Ross et al. 1991, Tuttle 1996, Tuttle and Carroll 1997, Ernst 2001; see also Arvisais et al. 2002).<br/><br/>Wood turtles have a reputation of intelligence and agility. They are excellent climbers and easily escape from boxes and enclosures. They are quick to learn mazes, daily routines, and are known to be good at homing (Tinklepaugh 1932, Clement 1958). Caroll and Ehrenfeld (1978) reported that wood turtles could often return to the exact spot of capture when released up to 2 kilometers away. Homing ability fell off sharply beyond the 2 km distance, and learning, age, and sex were not found to influence homing ability.","foodHabitsComments":"This species is an opportunistic omnivore. Pope (1967) indicated a strong preference for vegetable matter, including fruits, berries, tender leaves, and mushrooms. Harding and Bloomer (1979) listed insects, earthworms, mollusks, tadpoles, dead fish, and newborn mice as foods, with invertebrates and plant matter predominant. Favorite leaves include sandbar willow and strawberries (Harding 1990). Strang (1983) tallied food choices of wood turtles in their natural habitat in Pennsylvania and found that they ate fungi and green leaves most frequently (accounting for a total of 68% of all feeding observations), and fruits/flowers and insects about equally (totaling 32% of observations). In Pennsylvania, Ernst (2001) reported a diet of earthworms, leeches, caterpillars, fish (likely carrion), and <i>Lithobates clamitans</i> tadpoles and adults. Feeds in water and on land (Ernst 2001). In some areas, reported to stamp the front feet or hit the plastron on the ground, which brings earthworms to the surface where they can be captured and eaten.","animalPhenologyComments":"Most active diurnally, but mating and egg laying sometimes continue after dark (Kaufmann 1992, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Peak activity occurs from about 0800 to 1400 hours, with activity beginning latest in the spring and earliest in the fall (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Generally active from March or April through October or November (Farrell and Graham 1991, Ernst 2001, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Males tend to be active and easy to find earlier in the spring than are females, whereas females are easier to find during the egg-laying season. Most activity is terrestrial from June-August in Pennsylvania and from May-October in New Jersey (Farrell and Graham 1991). Individuals occur mainly in streams in spring and fall. Some aquatic movements may occur in winter, especially in the southern part of the range. Not known to estivate (Ernst 1986, Farrell and Graham 1991).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":23,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100707,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100708,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101444,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101445,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101446,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101447,"foodHabits":{"id":6,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Frugivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Frugívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Frugivore","displayOrder":6},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1365,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":null,"subtypes":"Hibernaculum, Nesting Area.","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area lacking aquatic or wetland habitat; large impoundment or lake.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance across continuous upland habitat: 1 km. Separation distance for locations along riverine corridors: 5 km. Separation distance for intermediate (e.g., mixed upland-riverine wetland) situations: 3 km. <br/><br/>A riverine corridor is measured along the river, not as a straight line distance. It includes areas that have stream-influenced conditions (geomorphology, vegetation, hydrology). Upland habitat lacks hydric soils and stream-influenced conditions.","separationJustification":"Available data indicate that home ranges tend be be elongate (usually less than 2 km long) and follow streams, extending out from streams up to 300 m. These data suggest a separation distance of the nominal minimum of 1 km for expanses of upland habitat and at least 5 km for riverine corridors. The latter distance is roughly 2.5 times the maximum known home range length (Quinn and Tate 1991) and more than four times the maximum recorded home range length in most other studies, which, due to small sample sizes and minimal radio-tracking effort, likely underestimated movements.","versionDate":"2003-02-12","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2023-04-07T21:54:59.852589Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100280,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Maintain structural diversity in floodplain communities, including openings in the canopy (Latham et al. 2023). A buffer of upland habitat should be maintained around waterways with known occurrences. A 70 m buffer would encompass 50% of the home range of turtles in one study while a 325 m buffer would encompass 90% of the home range (Latham et al. 2023). Land managers maintaining grasslands, oldfields, and crops could greatly reduce mortality by raising mower heights to at least 17 cm (Saumure et al. 2007, Erb and Jones 2011, Wallace et al. 2020). Rotary mowers were found to be a greater risk than sickle bar, mulching head, and flail mower types (Erb and Jones 2011, Wallace et al. 2020). Regardless of mower type or height, tractor tires are also a significant source of mortality (Erb and Jones 2011). To reduce road mortality, create roadside barrier walls and culverts where roads cross wetlands (Dodd et al. 2004).<br/>Efforts are needed to improve nest success in many parts of the range. Artificial nest mounds have been shown to increase the number of nests and could be viable alternatives to existing nesting sites in some locations (Buhlmann and Osborn 2011). Predator exclusion devices at nests could help populations that are not growing because of low nest success (Spradling et al. 2010, Cochrane et al. 2018). Headstarting turtles can be an effective conservation tool, but predator management may be needed in combination to allow populations to fully recover (Mullin et al. 2020, Mullin et al. 2023). Water use and water management practices that allow the timing and severity of floods to be as close to historic levels as possible are needed to avoid flooding nests along the Cedar River in Iowa (Spradling et al. 2010, Lapin et al. 2019).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":"It is possible to breed wood turtles in captivity as long as natural conditions, including winter hibernation, are approximated. However, Harding (1990), after more than 20 years studying wood turtles, strongly discouraged captive breeding for this species. He stated his arguments this way: \"...release of hatchlings is poor compensation for removal of adults from a population, due to high natural mortality of the former. Based on Michigan data, the release of between 50 and 100 hatchlings would be required to balance the removal of one adult from the population. Head-starting of juveniles is an unproven technique; the recapture rate of head-started juveniles (1 year olds) in this study was less than 5%.\" Recovery of the species to historical levels is highly unlikely, because much habitat has been permanently lost to development. However, if commercial collection were stopped, in much of its range the wood turtle would require little active protection or management to remain secure. <br/><br/>Low recruitment rate may make recovery a slow process.","siteConservationPlansConsidered":"Overall, land preservation is currently less important than regulatory protection from commercial collection for the pet trade. In the extreme southeastern portion of its range, land protection is of primary importance. In areas where human use conflicts with wood turtle needs, habitat protection should proceed. Preserve design should include protection of wooded stream corridors, nesting, feeding, basking, and overwintering sites, and an upland buffer would be necessary to include in preserve design. The size of the upland buffer would need to be determined from studies of local populations, since wood turtles vary considerably in home range size. Alternatively, a preserve could be fenced to prevent turtles from leaving the protected area, if adequate food, basking, nesting and hibernating sites were available within the preserve. Control of excessive nest predation should also be considered in preserve design. Finally, roads should not be placed close to and parallel to the stream, as adult mortality along roads is significant. <br/><br/>Garber (unpublished) suggested that populations with a minimum of 50 breeding adult females in a population might be viable.","managementMethods":"Because of low natural reproductive success, it is essential to respond to declining populations early. Habitat management could benefit this species in the portions of its range where human use and development are intense. Wood turtles are fairly tolerant of a variety of adjacent land uses. Any management compatible with maintenance of water quality, nesting and hibernating habitat, a reasonable food supply, and natural mortality levels, will be compatible with wood turtles. <br/><br/>Habitat improvement is probably best aimed at nesting, basking, and hibernating sites. Creation of openings in the woods along streams, where herbaceous vegetation and berries can thrive may be a necessary management activity in some areas. Maintenance of natural stream dynamics that create sand bars and islands, natural banks, and open sand shores, and restriction of intense human impact along rivers (restriction of designated campgrounds and access points), are probably the most critical foci of management. Some trout management practices, especially sand traps that remove sand and produce a gravelly stream bed, are counterproductive for wood turtles, which prefer sandy substrate. <br/><br/>Education is also an important management tool, especially on rivers that get heavy canoe use. Canoeists should be informed that this species is protected and should not be collected or used as a target for shooting. <br/><br/>In some areas, predator control would be of benefit. Management of habitat characteristics of adjacent uplands should be aimed at achieving a mixture of vegetation including forest-edge habitat without encouraging raccoon and skunk populations. <br/><br/>See Brewster and Brewster (1991) for information on the movements of captive-bred juveniles introduced into a wood turtle population in Wisconsin.","monitoringMethods":"It is essential to conduct monitoring censuses at the proper time of the year. A good idea of population size can be obtained by walking or floating a stream when the turtles first emerge from hibernation. Three years of census are recommended to get an accurate estimate of population size (Harding, pers. comm.). Ideally, sites should be revisited during the nesting season to check nesting sites for signs of reproduction. Counting the number of nesting females is another method of estimating population size, since sex ratios are generally 1:1. However, this method will not account for juveniles. To get a clear picture of a particular population's dynamics, individual turtles should be captured, marked, aged, and sized. This is not practical for most range-wide surveys, but would be useful for representative, or critical populations. The overall status of the species is only poorly known at present (see above). A rangewide, concerted effort of thorough and repeated censuses over the next 3-5 years would help pinpoint the areas most needing attention, allow an accurate assessment of status, and greatly aid in documenting the impact of commercial collectors.","managementProgramContacts":"We are not aware of any management programs specifically designed to enhance or protect wood turtle populations.","monitoringProgramContacts":"Several states report ongoing or soon to be initiated monitoring. West Virginia initiated a monitoring study in 1991. Minnesota reports a research report on statewide status is in preparation. A manuscript on the status of New England herps is in press [citation?]. In Maryland and Pennsylvania, status reviews were set for 1992, and in Vermont, a herp atlas project is just getting underway. In West Virginia, a monitoring survey was begun in 1991, the first of its kind for the state. At this writing, preliminary results were not available.","managementResearchPrograms":"Carl Ernst and a number of his students continue studies in the eastern end of the range. Jim Harding continues work in Michigan. Buech is working in Minnesota, and Stan Temple in Wisconsin has done some work with population viability analysis for this species.","managementResearchNeeds":"The biology of wood turtles is fairly well studied. The main research needed presently is an assessment of the rangewide status (see monitoring needs, above). Population monitoring and management would be enhanced by population studies, including viability analyses, on a few important populations from across the range. This would give a more complete picture of the status of the species. These studies would also help to identify the population parameters that best indicate population health, so these could be used to improve the value of monitoring efforts. <br/><br/>Research is needed to determine levels of predation that can be tolerated by wood turtles without causing population declines. Then, the impact of various human use patterns on predation level should be investigated so that predator controls can be instigated where needed. <br/><br/>Also needed is a better idea of the amount of feeding and summer habitat wood turtles use or require in different regions, so that management can be aimed at adequate habitat.","biologicalResearchNeeds":"Studies are needed to adequately document threats that are impacting this species. Population estimates and population viability analysis are needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101862,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:29.749864Z"}],"references":[{"id":1139944,"citation":"Akre, T. S., L. D. Parker, E. Ruther, J. E. Maldonad, L. Lemmon, and N. R. McInerney. 2019. 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Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10: 836800. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2022.836800","shortCitationAuthor":"Duchak and Burke","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22DUC01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:59.917602Z"},{"id":1139947,"citation":"Erb, L., and M .T. Jones. 2011. Can turtle mortality be reduced in managed fields? Northeastern Naturalist 18(4):489-496.","shortCitationAuthor":"Erb and Jones","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"A11ERB01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:59.917602Z"},{"id":148580,"citation":"Ernst, C.H. 1972. CLEMMYS INSCULPTA. CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES. SSAR NO. 125:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"A72ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.951601Z"},{"id":155340,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 1973. The distribution of the turtles of Minnesota. J. Herp. 7(1): 42-47.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":1973,"referenceCode":"A73ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.960398Z"},{"id":112416,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 1986. Environmental temperatures and activities in the wood turtle, CLEMMYS INSCULPTA. J. Herpetol. 20:222-229.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"A86ERN02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.91372Z"},{"id":111913,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 2001a. Some ecological parameters of the wood turtle, Clemmys insculpta, in southeastern Pennsylvania. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 4:94-99.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"A01ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.91372Z"},{"id":134030,"citation":"Ernst, C. H. 2001b. An overview of the North American turtle genus <i>Clemmys</i> Ritgen, 1828. 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Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; 90-day findings on 25 petitions, notice of petition findings and initiation of status reviews. Federal Register 80(181):56423-56432.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2015,"referenceCode":"N15FWS11HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:27:29.239698Z"},{"id":1132439,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. National Listing Workplan. Online. Available: https://www.fws.gov/project/national-listing-workplan","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS20HQUS","lastModified":"2023-10-06T21:51:12.565113Z"},{"id":1139961,"citation":"Vlk, A., A. Bastiaans, D. Stich, and D. Vogler. 2021. Effect of anthropogenic habitat disturbance on the nesting ecology of the Wood Turtle (<i>Glyptemys insculpta</i>). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 15(2) [General Section]: 50–58 (e283).","shortCitationAuthor":"Vlk et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21VLK01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:59.964479Z"},{"id":132352,"citation":"Vogt, R. C. 1981c. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin. Milwaukee Public Museum. 205 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Vogt","shortCitationYear":1981,"referenceCode":"B81VOG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:18.569643Z"},{"id":1139962,"citation":"Wallace, S. D., G. J. Forbes, and J. J. Nocera. 2020. Experimental assessment of the impact of agricultural machinery on wood turtles (<i>Glyptemys insculpta</i>). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 19(1): 78-84.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wallace et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20WAL01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:59.964479Z"},{"id":1139963,"citation":"Willoughby, J. R., M. Sundaram, T. L. Lewis, and B. J. Swanson. 2013. Population decline in a long-lived species: the wood turtle in Michigan. Herpetologica 69(2):186-198.","shortCitationAuthor":"Willoughby et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"A13WIL04NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:59.964479Z"},{"id":152139,"citation":"Woods. G. T. 1945. Rate of Travel of the wood turtle. Copeia 1945(1):49.","shortCitationAuthor":"Woods","shortCitationYear":1945,"referenceCode":"A45WOO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:26.91372Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":136076,"name":"Tortue des bois","language":"FR"},{"id":144710,"name":"wood turtle","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100280,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":{"id":4,"cosewicDescEn":"Threatened","cosewicDescEs":"Amenazado","cosewicDescFr":"Menacée","cosewicCode":"T"},"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":2,"genusSizeDescEn":"Very small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Un género muy pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Très petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":43,"usesaDescEn":"Under Review","usesaDescEs":null,"usesaDescFr":null,"usesaCode":"UR"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":8,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Turtles","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1110},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Chelonia","taxorder":"Testudines","family":"Emydidae","genus":"Glyptemys","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":"Threatened/Menacée","saraStatusDate":"2010-02-23","cosewicDate":"2018-11-01","interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":"Reason for designation: This turtle is declining across much of its range, where it occurs in small, increasingly disjunct subpopulations, many of which are separated from each other by distances greater than the species can be expected to disperse. It has strong site fidelity, often returning to restricted nesting and overwintering areas for decades. Although it requires both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, it is more terrestrial than other freshwater turtles, making it vulnerable to road kill, land use practices, and collection for the pet trade. Its ‘slow’ life history, characterized by delayed maturation and extreme longevity, requires exceedingly high adult survival to maintain stable populations. Any chronic increase in adult or juvenile mortality, or a catastrophic adult mortality event, is destabilizing and unsustainable. Increased exposure to traffic on paved and unpaved roads, agricultural activity (particularly mowing and tilling), and expanding populations of subsidized predators, as well as changing regimes in watersheds, have increased mortality and placed subpopulations at risk.<br/><br/>Status history: Designated Special Concern in April 1996. Status re-examined and designated Threatened in November 2007. Status re-examined and confirmed in November 2018.","usesaDate":"2015-09-18","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"In a 90-day petition finding to list this species under the ESA, USFWS (2015) found the petition action may be warranted and are initiating a status review. Included in the USFWS FY23-27 National Domestic Listing Workplan (April 14, 2023 version) (USFWS 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":108301,"synonym":"Clemmys insculpta","synonymAuthor":"(Le Conte, 1830)","formattedSynonym":"<i>Clemmys insculpta</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":"EBAR100280","ebarCanadianScope":true,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":"GS000810"},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100280,"reproductionComments":"In Pennsylvania, secondary sexual characteristics began to appear at 5-9 years of age, at a size of 160 to 180 mm (Lovich et al. 1990). However, there is usually a delay of several years between sexual differentiation and sexual maturity. Maturity is apparently not attained until 12 to 15 years of age (Lovich et al. 1990, Farrell and Graham 1991, Harding 1990). In a long term study in Michigan, Harding (1990) reported that the smallest female found laying eggs was 158 mm carapace length and had twelve growth rings, indicating she was at least 12 years old. In New Jersey, attained maturity in 14th year (Farrell and Graham 1991). In Wisconsin, the youngest gravid female was 14 years old; the smallest male observed copulating was 20 years old (Ross et al. 1991). In Ontario age at maturity was 17-18 years (Brooks et al. 1992).<br/><br/>Reproductive activity (courtship, copulation) is aquatic (Ernst 1986). Copulation can occur in spring or fall (Niederberger and Seidel 1999, Ernst 2001, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Copulation occurs more often in spring in northern populations and more often during fall in southern populations (Farrell and Graham 1991, Kaufmann 1992, Ernst and Lovich 2009).<br/><br/>Depending on local climate, eggs can be laid anytime from mid-May to early July (Ernst and Lovich 2009. In New Jersey, Virginia, and Pennsylvania (Ernst 2001), a single clutch generally is laid in June. Clutch size usually is 3-20 (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Clutch size averaged 11 in Wisconsin (Ross et al. 1991), 8.5 in New Jersey (Farrell and Graham 1991), about 9 in Ontario (Brooks et al. 1992), and 10 in Michigan (Harding and Bloomer 1979). Eggs hatch after 70-80 days, August-October (after about 70 days, generally in late August, in New Jersey) (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Sex is genetically determined, and sex ratios are approximately 1:1 at birth (Ewert and Nelson 1991).<br/><br/>Nesting success generally is very low, with egg predators taking a heavy toll. One report conservatively estimated egg and hatchling mortality at 98% (Harding 1990). An Ontario population incurred a high rate of predation on nests and adults (Brooks et al. 1992). Reproductive success depends on a high rate of adult survival, long-lived adults that reproduce many times during their lifetime, and the occasional good season when a nest survives (Harding, pers. comm. 1992).","ecologyComments":"Solitary from late spring to summer. May aggregate in or near hibernation sites. Not territorial (Kaufmann 1992, which see for a detailed study of social behavior in central Pennsylvania).<br/><br/>In New Jersey, wood turtles grow to 165 mm (6.5 inches) in 7 or 8 years. In Michigan, growth rates are slower, and it may take as many as 12 years to attain a 169 mm CL (Harding, 1990). Growth rates for males and females are constant until secondary sexual differences begin to appear, when males begin to grow faster, and ultimately become larger than females (Lovich et al. 1990). Harding (1990) found that average CL of females was 182 mm (n = 105), and average CL of males was 200 mm (n = 86). After and early growth spurt, growth of both sexes slows considerably, until by 20 years of age, growth rates are so slow that annual growth rings on the shell no longer yield accurate age data (Harding 1990).<br/><br/>The combination of late maturity, low reproductive success, and long-lived adults results in a population structure skewed heavily toward adults. Harding's study populations consisted of 80 to 85% adults. Farrell and Graham (1991) reported 3% juveniles (1 to 8 years), 53% subadults (9 to 13 years), and 34% adults (over 13 years) in one New Jersey population; almost half of the population comprised individuals over 14 cm in plastron length These characteristics combine to delay the detection of population declines, and to reduce the ability of small, declining populations to recover. A population studied in West Virginia included 46% juveniles (Niederberger and Seidel 1999).<br/><br/>New Jersey populations averaged 12.5 adults/ha, but the turtles were usually concentrated around basking areas or favorite food patches, rather than spread evenly across an area. In New Jersey, population density over several years averaged 10.7/ha of suitable habitat (Farrell and Graham 1991). In Michigan, the populations seem to be more scattered, and density is likely considerably lower. In southern Quebec, density was estimated at 1.2 turtles per 100 m of river (Daigle 1997). In West Virginia, estimated density was 19.1 individuals per hectare of total habitat (287-337 individuals along a 1.7 km length of river) (Niederberger and Seidel 1999). In Pennsylvania, density for 240 ha of available habitat was 0.66 turtles/ha, whereas density for available riparian habitat where most turtles occurred was 4.42 turtles/ha (Ernst 2001).<br/><br/>Adults may live for many years, with maximum ages of 32 years (wild caught) and 58 years (captive) reported by Harding and Bloomer (1979). In Pennsylvania, several known-age turtles marked as juveniles were found to live at least 30 to 42 years (Ernst, 1992, personal communication). Given the difficulty of aging turtles over 20 years, the wild caught age is likely conservative.","habitatComments":"Wood turtles live along permanent streams during much of each year but in summer may roam widely overland and can be found in a variety of terrestrial habitats adjacent to streams, including deciduous woods, cultivated fields, woodland bogs, and marshy pastures (Ernst and Lovich 2009).<br/><br/>Preferred stream substrates are hard, such as gravel or sand, but streams with clay and, rarely, soft muck are used occasionally (Buech et al. 1990, Harding 1990, Buech et al. 1991, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Western populations are closely associated with water year round, and eastern populations tend to be more terrestrial in the summer (Ernst and Lovich 2009). According to Harding and Bloomer, Michigan wood turtles were never found more than 152 m (500 ft) from water and had leeches (evidence of aquatic habits) at all times of the year. New Jersey wood turtles were found farther from water and were free of leeches during summer months. Hatchlings and small juveniles are much more closely associated with water than adults.<br/><br/>Wood turtles are often associated with the margins of woods. Harding (1990) reported that wood turtles are usually found where openings in the streamside canopy allow growth of herbaceous plants. These openings provide both food and basking sites. In Wisconsin, wood turtles used wet mesic forest in river bottom and riparian shrub/forest ecotones. Most captures were in ecotones between alder thickets and grassy openings (Ross et al. 1991). In western Maine, within activity areas, wood turtles selected non-forested locations close to water with low canopy cover. Within a watershed, they selected activity areas close to streams with moderate forest cover and little open water. Overall, they appeared to select forest edges to balance thermoregulatory and feeding needs (Compton et al. 2002). Some agricultural operations may be locally beneficial by providing a mixture of different food and cover types near wooded streams (Kaufmann 1992). Use of woodland bogs and marshy fields is most common in the northern part of the range.<br/><br/>As with other turtles, nesting wood turtles require loose substrate on fully exposed (unshaded) sites, such as sandy banks or sand gravel bars in streams. When natural openings are unavailable, they may use such manmade disturbances as road grades, railroad grades, sand pits, or plowed fields (Ernst and Lovich 2009). In Minnesota, Buech et al. (1990, 1991) found that nesting habitat and stream substrate are the most important habitat determinants.<br/><br/>Overwintering occurs in bottoms or banks of streams where water flows all winter, including pools underneath a layer of ice. Underwater muskrat burrows, beaver lodges, or over bank root systems also may be used as winter hibernation (brumation) sites (Ernst 1986).","generalDescription":"A medium-sized turtle with a low, broad, gray to brown, usually keeled carapace that is intricately sculptured with concentric growth layers. Plastron is yellow, each scute having an irregular dark lateral blotch. Adults have orange on neck and limbs and usually are 14-20 cm in carapace length, rarely to 23 cm (Smith and Brodie 1982, Conant and Collins 1991). Hatchlings average 26.6-34.0 mm carapace length (CL) (Harding and Bloomer 1979, Lovich et al. 1990) and have a tail that may be as long as the carapace.","diagnosticCharacteristics":"Differs from box turtles and Blanding's turtle in lacking a hinged plastron. 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