{"elementGlobalId":100251,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":5,"iucnDescEn":"Vulnerable","iucnDescEs":"Vulnerable","iucnDescFr":"Vulnérable","iucnCode":"VU"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i>","scientificName":"Kinosternon sonoriense","scientificNameAuthor":"Le Conte, 1854","primaryCommonName":"Sonora Mud Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i> LeConte, 1854 (TSN 173768)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100251","elcode":"ARAAE01040","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-01-07","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":167324,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":351916,"subnation":{"id":39,"nameEn":"New Mexico","nameEs":"Nuevo México","nameFr":"Nouveau-Mexique","subnationCode":"NM","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":351916,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":405727,"subnation":{"id":6,"nameEn":"Arizona","nameEs":"Arizona","nameFr":"Arizona","subnationCode":"AZ","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":405727,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":356716,"subnation":{"id":40,"nameEn":"Nevada","nameEs":"Nevada","nameFr":"Nevada","subnationCode":"NV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":356716,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":295567,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SH","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SH","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":295567,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":167324,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:33:01.935135Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100251/Kinosternon_sonoriense","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2024-01-07","grankReviewDate":"2024-01-07","grankReasons":"This species is restricted to the southeastern United States and northern Mexico. Population size may be less than 10,000 individuals. It is highly threatened by water quality and availability, as well as invasive species.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100251,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":46,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","longTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","longTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberEos":{"id":10,"numberEosDescEn":"21 - 80","numberEosDescEs":"De 21 a 80","numberEosDescFr":"De 21 à 80"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":16,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Some (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Algunos (13-40)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Quelques-uns (de 13 à 40)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":11,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several to many (4-40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"De unas pocas a varias ocurrencias (4 a 40) protegidas y debidamente controladas","numberProtEosDescFr":"De quelques à plusieurs occurrences (de 4 à 40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":23,"popSizeDescEn":"1000 - 10,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 1.000 a 10.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 1 000 à 10 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The range includes the southwestern United States and northern Mexico (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017). In northern Mexico, it is found in the northern parts of the states of Sonora (Lemos Espinal et al. 2019) and Chihuahua (Lemos Espinal et al. 2017). In the United States, it is known from three counties (Catron, Grant, Hidalgo) in southwestern New Mexico (Stone et al. 2014, Painter et al. 2017) and throughout much of southern Arizona (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017). This species historically occupied a small part of southeastern California, but is now considered extirpated from the state (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017). The subspecies <i>K. sonoriense longifemorale</i> has a disjunct range restricted to the Sonoyta River in southern Arizona, USA and northern Sonora, Mexico (Riedle et al. 2012). Using records from post-2004 (the past 20 years) from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2024), range extent was estimated to be approximately 301,217 km² (GeoCat 2024).","areaOfOccupancy":{"id":90,"areaOfOccupancyType":{"id":4,"areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEn":"4-km2 grid cells","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescEs":"Células de la cuadrícula de 4 km2","areaOfOccupancyTypeDescFr":"Cellules de grille de 4 km2"},"areaOfOccupancyDescEn":"126-500","areaOfOccupancyDescEs":"De 126 a 500","areaOfOccupancyDescFr":"De 126 à 500","bioticsKey":37},"areaOfOccupancyComments":"This species is generally restricted to riverine habitats, although often discontinuously as some bodies of water dry out seasonally (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017).Using records from post-2004 (the past 20 years) from GBIF (2024), area of occupancy was estimated to be approximately 1,560 km², or 390 grid cells (GeoCat 2024).","numberEosComments":"There are several dozen occurrences of <i>K. s. sonoriense</i> (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017, Araya Donoso et al. 2022). There are also eight sites where <i>K. s. longifemorale</i> occurs, which probably constitute less than five occurrences (Riedle et al. 2012).","popSizeComments":"The total population size is probably several thousand individuals. Hensley et al. (2010) captured 64 individuals from 1996-2005 in a 1.6 km stretch of Cottonwood Creek, Arizona. After a decline of over 75%, the population size at Montezuma Well in 2015 was estimated to be 105-173 individuals (Drost et al. 2021). The Quitobaquito Pond population of <i>K. s. longifemorale</i> in Arizona was estimated to be 107-205 in 2011 (Riedle et al. 2012). Based on 111 individuals captured from 2016-2018, the <i>K. s. longifemorale</i> population size at Agua Dulce in Sonora was estimated to be 186-400 individuals (Grageda García and García Miranda 2018).","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability, although most populations are understudied. There are reports of small, but stable populations throughout its range in the United States (Drost et al. 2021, Hensley et al. 2010, Riedle et al. 2012) and Mexico (Grageda García and García Miranda 2018).","threatImpactComments":"The two biggest threats to this species are water loss and invasive species (Rosen 2008, Ernst and Lovich 2009, Drost et al. 2021, Araya Donoso et al. 2022). Increased water usage and diversion by humans is drying up habitats in some areas (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Additionally, droughts cause pools of water to dry out, reducing habitat (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hensley et al. 2010). Butler et al. (2016) predicted suitable habitat would remain essentially unchanged for this species while Berriozabal Islas et al. (2020) predict suitable habitat will decline by an estimated 34.82% by 2070.<br/><br/>Invasive species are another major threat to this species (Araya Donoso et al. 2022). Four such invasive species are native to other parts of North America but not native to this species’ range. Two invasive crayfish species, <i>Faxonius virilis</i> and <i>Procambarus clarkii</i>, are predators on hatchlings and suspected of being responsible for some declines (Fernandez and Rosen 1996, Schwendiman 2001, Rosen 2008, Hensley et al. 2010, Araya Donoso et al. 2022). Invasive American bullfrogs (<i>Lithobates catesbeiana</i>) are also predators on hatchlings (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Akins and Jones 2010, Araya Donoso et al. 2022). The presence of invasive pond sliders (<i>Trachemys scripta</i>) has been shown to cause declines in this species through competition for basking sites (Drost et al. 2021). Many populations impacted by invasive species will likely continue to decline (Araya Donoso et al. 2022, Drost et al. 2021, Hensley et al. 2010).<br/><br/>Water quality issues, such as pollution caused by effluents from domestic and agricultural sources, are an ongoing threat in parts of this species’ range (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hamdhani et al. 2020). Habitat modification and urbanization are also moderate threats (Rosen 2008, Ernst and Lovich 2009). Mexico Highway 2 separates populations in Mexico and the United States (Riedle et al. 2012).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species has declined across its range (Ernst and Lovich 2009). Few declines have been adequately documented or attributed to causes (Drost et al. 2021). A 33-year study at Montezuma Well, Arizona, USA documented a 75% decline in population size from 1983-2011 when pond sliders were present (Drost et al. 2021). It is likely that other occurrences impacted by invasive turtle species have declined, although the magnitude is not well known.","longTermTrendComments":"Most of the historical declines have likely taken place in the last 40 years (i.e., short-term trends) with rapid population growth and water usage. Little is known of the population trends prior to that time. This species is considered extirpated from California, although the timing of its extirpation is not known (Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 2017).","inventoryNeeds":"A rangewide population estimate is needed for successful long-term monitoring.","numberProtEosComments":"There are several populations on conservation lands including Montezuma Castle National Monument (Drost et al. 2021), Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument (Riedle et al. 2012), and Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar (Grageda García and García Miranda 2018).","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":"Macip-Ríos et al. (2015) calculated a “high” Environmental Vulnerability Score of 14 in Mexico. Considered at risk of extinction in Sonora, Mexico (Lemos Espinal et al. 2019).","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is moderately slow to mature, reaching adult size in as little as three years (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hensley et al. 2010). It is not limited by mobility, as this species has been documented moving as far as eight kilometers (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hensley et al. 2010). This species is resilient to varying environmental conditions and capable of conserving energy through estivation in times of suboptimal conditions, regardless of season (Hensley et al. 2010).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species inhabits riverine habitats including springs, ponds, and artificial impoundments (Ernst and Lovich 2009)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100251,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Terrestrial movements as far as 8 km have been documented (Degenhardt and Christiansen 1974, Stone 2001, Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hensley et al. 2010).","foodHabitsComments":"Insects, crustaceans, snails, fish, frogs, and some plant material (Stebbins 1985, Ernst and Lovich 2009).","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive in cold temperatures (Ernst and Lovich 2009).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":17,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101419,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101420,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101421,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1148,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Mud Turtles (Kinosternon)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":1.0,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":"Occurrences should include nesting areas, travel corridors between the wetlands and nest sites, and other upland use areas, if known, but occurrences based on captures/observations of individuals in wetlands should include only the known distribution of the population and not include large areas of upland habitat (not known to be occupied) that may extend between occupied wetlands within the appropriate separation distances.","separationBarriers":"Busy highway or highway with obstructions such that turtles rarely if ever cross successfully; untraversable topography (e.g., cliff); urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement and lacking aquatic or wetland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Separation distance along riverine corridors or continuous aquatic/wetlands habitats: 10 km.  Separation distance for upland habitat: 3 km. Use intermediate values for intermediate circumstances.","separationJustification":"Mud turtles can be sedentary but sometimes move multiple kilometers across various kinds of wetland and upland habitats to reach suitable nesting areas or disjunct ponds or wetlands. Movements likely are least restricted along riverine corridors and other continuous aquatic/wetland habitats.<br><br>Kinosternon baurii may travel at least 50-100 m from wetlands to nest (Mushinsky and Wilson 1992).  <br><br>Tagged K. subrubrum in South Carolina traveled up to 600 m from capture sites and sometimes overwintered more than 1 km from water (Bennett et al. 1970). In South Carolina from late summer through winter, individuals were found in upland refugia up to 135 m from the delineated wetland boundary (Buhlmann and Gibbons 2001). Individuals exhibited site fidelity to refugia in successive years. Aquatic home range size was estimated at about 0.05 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 408 m were recorded (Mahmoud 1969).  <br><br>In Iowa, K. flavescens migrated usually 300-500 m between water and hibernation site (Christiansen et al. 1985). All terrestrial habitats used by radio-tagged individuals were within 450 m of water. In Nebraska, eggs were laid 21-191 m from (Iverson 1990), within a few hundred feet of water in Iowa (Cooper 1977). Aquatic home range size was estimated to be about 0.1 ha in Oklahoma, but movements of up to 435 m sometimes were made (Mahmoud 1969). In Colorado, these turtles sometimes show up in isolated temporary ponds far from permanent water (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.).  <br><br>In New Mexico, K. sonoriense sometimes appears at farm ponds up to 8 km from permanent water (Degenhardt and Christiansen 1974), but these turtles mostly are restricted to permanent water, do not migrate very far, and probably have small home ranges (Ernst et al. 1994).  However, in a multi-year study in New Mexico, 13 individuals moved distances of at least 1 km; individuals occasionally moved more than 2 km since their last capture, but usually less than 2 km (Stone 2001).","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2026-02-28T02:49:08.786418Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100251,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Ultimately, increasing the amount of clean water reaching natural aquatic habitats is the most important need for this species. The creation of impoundments is not considered a favorable approach due to the ease at which invasive species become established in these artificial environments (Hensley et al. 2010). Additionally, regular siltation management in existing impoundments that this species is currently dependent on, such as those in the Peloncillo Mountains, may be essential to long-term survival of such populations (Stone et al. 2014). It is important that conservation is not singularly focused on refuges of standing water regularly occupied by this species, but that protection is also afforded to the stretches of dry habitat connecting those pools and impoundments (Stone et al. 2015). This species is capable of traveling up to eight kilometers, including traveling over dry upland habitat (Ernst and Lovich 2009, Hensley et al. 2010, Stone et al. 2014). Avoid the creation of new roads splitting populations. Removal of invasive turtles, such as pond sliders (<i>Trachemys scripta</i>), can be a critical management tool for this species (Drost et al. 2021). The removal of invasive bullfrogs and crayfish is also highly recommended. It is important for land managers to be aware that the slow loss of adults over time with inadequate replacement of juveniles can make declines difficult to detect (Drost et al. 2021).","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Studies on the effects of invasive species are needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101834,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:23.968725Z"}],"references":[{"id":1139930,"citation":"Akins, C. M., and T. R. Jones. 2010. <i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i> (Sonoran mud turtle). Predation. Herpetological Review 41(4): 485–486.","shortCitationAuthor":"Akins and Jones","shortCitationYear":2010,"referenceCode":"A10AKI01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-02T01:13:27.424232Z"},{"id":1139931,"citation":"Araya-Donoso, R., J. P. Orton, M. J. Ryan, C. A. Jones, K. Kusumi, and G. A. Dolby. 2022. Geospatial assessment of freshwater invasive species to inform turtle conservation and management. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 32:981-992.","shortCitationAuthor":"Araya-Donoso et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22ARA01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-02T01:13:27.408646Z"},{"id":137372,"citation":"Behler, J. L., and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Behler and King","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"B79BEH01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":1139938,"citation":"Berriozabal-Islas, C., A. Ramírez-Bautista, F. Torres-Ángeles, J. F. M. Rodrigues, R. Macip-Ríos, and P. Octavio-Aguilar. 2020. Climate change effects on turtles of the genus <i>Kinosternon </i>(Testudines: Kinosternidae): an assessment of habitat suitability and climate niche conservatism. Hydrobiologia 847:4091-4110.","shortCitationAuthor":"Berriozabal-Islas et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20BER02NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:57.948855Z"},{"id":621810,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2008. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Sixth edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 37:1-84. Online with updates at: http://www.ssarherps.org/pages/comm_names/Index.php","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"B08CRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:20.142383Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":135289,"citation":"Degenhardt, W. G., and J. L. Christiansen. 1974. Distribution and habitats of turtles in New Mexico. Soutwestern Naturalist 19:21-46.","shortCitationAuthor":"Degenhardt and Christiansen","shortCitationYear":1974,"referenceCode":"A74DEG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:22.585291Z"},{"id":1139937,"citation":"Drost, C. A., J. E. Lovich, P. C. Rosen, M. Malone, and S. D. Garber. 2021. Non-native pond sliders cause long-term decline of native Sonora mud turtles: a 33-year before-after study in an undisturbed natural environment. Aquatic Invasions 16(3):542-570.","shortCitationAuthor":"Drost et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21DRO01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-06T14:53:57.933503Z"},{"id":668015,"citation":"Ernst. C. H., and J. E. Lovich. 2009. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Second edition, revised and updated. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. xii + 827 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ernst and Lovich","shortCitationYear":2009,"referenceCode":"B09ERN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:13:19.211207Z"},{"id":157476,"citation":"Fernandez, P. J., and P. C. Rosen. 1996. Final Report: Effects of the Introduced Crayfish <i>Orconectes virilis</i> on Native Aquatic Herpetofauna in Arizona. Submitted to AZDGF Heritage Fund. 51pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fernandez and Rosen","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"R96FER01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:22.585291Z"},{"id":1138407,"citation":"Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool (GeoCAT). Online. Available: <a href=\"http://geocat.kew.org/\">https://geocat.iucnredlist.org/</a> (Accessed 2024)","shortCitationAuthor":"GeoCAT","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24GEO01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-02-03T01:16:45.578957Z"},{"id":1137646,"citation":"Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 2024. Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data portal. Online. Available: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 2024).","shortCitationAuthor":"GBIF","shortCitationYear":2024,"referenceCode":"W24GBI01HQUS","lastModified":"2024-01-05T23:15:07.149253Z"},{"id":1139929,"citation":"Grageda García, M. A., and H. D. García Miranda. 2018. Current situation of the Sonoyta Mud Turtle (<i>Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale</i>) population at Agua Dulce RAMSAR site in El Pinacate Biosphere Reserve, Sonora, Mexico. Report to the Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar. 19 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Grageda García and García Miranda","shortCitationYear":2018,"referenceCode":"R18GRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-03-02T01:13:27.424232Z"},{"id":1139926,"citation":"Hall, D. H., and R. J. Steidl. 2007. Movements, activity, and spacing of Sonoran mud turtles (<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i>) in interrupted mountain streams. 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In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Iverson, J.B., van Dijk, P.P., Stanford, C.B., Goode, E.V., Buhlmann, K.A., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs 10:1–575. doi:10.3854/crm.10.checklist.atlas.v10.2025.","shortCitationAuthor":"TTWG","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25TTW01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-12-05T22:55:46.14503Z"},{"id":136719,"citation":"van Loben Sels, R.C., J.D. Congdon and J.T. Austin. 1997. Life history and ecology of the Sonoran mud turtle (<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i>) in southeastern Arizona: a preliminary report. 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