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of North America's most abundant wading bird.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100203,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":9,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate to broad.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado a amplio.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"De modéré à vaste."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":5,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable to not intrinsically vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable a no intrínsecamente vulnerable.","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"De moyennement à non intrinsèquement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":45,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of >25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Aumento de >25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de >25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":44,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of >10%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Aumento de >10%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de >10 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"BREEDING: southeastern Alaska and southern Canada to southern Mexico, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands (St. Thomas and Anegada), islands off coastal Venezuela, and on Galapagos. NON-BREEDING: southeastern Alaska, central U.S., and southern New England south to northern South America (mainly to northern Colombia, northern Venezuela). In the U.S. in winter, the highest densities occur along the lower Colorado River, around the Great Salt Lake, and near Aransas National Wildlife Refuge on the Texas coast (Root 1988). Wanders widely outside usual range, a few times to Hawaii. Some subadults may spend summer in nonbreeding range.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Estimate only but probably reasonable given the size of the bird , itshome range size of 2 to 7 kilometers from its breeding colony, and the estimated number of birds, whic his still in the hundreds of thousands.","numberEosComments":"Estimate provided by NatureServe Explorer (2014).","popSizeComments":"National Audubon Society (2014) estimates the continental population for the Great Blue Heron to be 124,000 but specifies the global population as unknown.","viabilityComments":"Given its distribution across North America, there should be an average of at least two or three \"good\" element occurrences across the 50 states and Canadian provinces, which would be 125 element occurrences.","threatImpactComments":"In Illinois, a public viewing area used once a week by humans 229 m from a rookery did not cause any overt responses from nesting birds (DeMauro 1993). See Vos (1984) for information on response to human disturbance in Colorado.","shortTermTrendComments":"Populations generally are stable or increasing in most areas. See Spendelow and Patton (1988) for status of coastal U.S. breeding populations. Populations in the south-central U.S. may be benefiting from crayfish aquaculture; bird population increases may be related to favorable foraging opportunities afforded by expanding crayfish aquaculture (herons may prey on small fishes often abundant in ponds) (Fleury and Sherry 1995). Birdlife International (2014) has trend as increasing and noted a 23.4% increase per decade over the last 40 years (Birdlife International, 2014).  Breeding Bird Surveys (Sauer, et. al. 2014) estimates an annual increase of 1.62% from 2002 to 2012","longTermTrendComments":"Early in the 20th century, Great Blue Herons suffered from unrestricted hunting, but today, with legal protection and greater awareness about conservation, they are among the most abundant wading birds in North America. (National Audubon Society, 2014).  Sauer, et. al. (2014) estimate an annual increase of 0.53% per year over the last 46 years, which is equivalent to a net increase of just over 25% over the time period.","inventoryNeeds":"Better inventory of population size over its entire range","numberProtEosComments":"This species' EOs should be protected whenever it occurs in any North American national park or national wildlife refuge","protectionNeeds":"Protection from human activity such as environmental contaminants and rookery disturbances","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Destruction of wetland habitat can be a serious threat as well as disruption of rookeries early in the breeding season (Natonal Audubon Society, 2014).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Need relatively undisturbed wetlands"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100203,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates to northern breeding range February-early May; departs northerly localities September-October. Disperses in all compass directions after breeding, before southward migration. Southern populations may be quite sedentary. Present in small numbers in Colombia mainly October to mid-April, in Panama mainly September-April (Ridgely and Gwynne 1989, Hilty and Brown 1986).","foodHabitsComments":"Eats fishes, insects, crustaceans, amphibians and reptiles, mice and shrews, and other animals. Forages mostly while standing in water but also in fields; sometimes drops from air or perch into water (Palmer 1962, Terres 1980).","animalPhenologyComments":"Generally tends to be mainly crepuscular but also is active in daytime and at night. In coastal region, activity often is related to the tidal cycle, independent of day-night cycle in some areas (Powell 1987). Nocturnal foraging activity occurs in nontidal situations as well as in tidal environments (McNeil et al. 1993).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":117,"width":null,"weight":2576,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100667,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100668,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100669,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101370,"foodHabits":{"id":1,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Carnivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Carnívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Carnivore","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101371,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101372,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1047,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Wading Birds","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"A low mean foraging range size for this group.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Small heron colonies (rookeries or heronries) are often ephemeral in nature; recommend tracking rookeries which maintain a minimum of 15 active nests over 2-3 years. Where concentrations of non-breeding individuals occur within the boundaries of a breeding occurrence (especially if augmented by migrants), consider creating a separate occurrence with Location Use Class 'Nonbreeding.'","mappingGuidance":"Map Foraging Areas in separate polygons from the breeding colony if they are separated from the colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Occurrences include breeding colonies and foraging areas, but the separation distance pertains to breediing colonies. Hence, difference occurrences may overlap. Unsuitable habitat: upland areas, except those known to be used regularly for foraging (e.g., meadows used by great egrets).<br><br>Separation distance is an arbitrary compromise between the high mobility of these birds and the need for occurrences of practical size for conservation planning. Occurrences do not necessarily represent discrete populations or metapopulations.<br><br>Colony fidelity low in some species (e.g. Roseate Spoonbill, Dumas 2000; Glossy Ibis, Davis and Kricher 2000). <br><br>Feeding areas associated with a breeding colony (i.e. different features of the same occurrence) may be a number of kilometers away from the colony: averaging 12 kilometers for Roseate Spoonbill (Dumas 2000); 7.3 kilometers for Glossy Ibis (Davis and Kricher 2000); 2.8 to more than 5 kilometers for Snowy Egrets (Smith 1995).","versionDate":"2004-10-28","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:51.643852Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1048,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Wading Birds","subtypes":"Roost, Foraging area","inferredExtentDistance":3.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on foraging ranges from breeding rookeries.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of flocks of non-breeding birds (including historical), including non-breeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season; and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 10 birds occur regularly for at least 20 days per year would be deemed occurrences. Be cautious about creating occurrences for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary, set at 10 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-19","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:51.643852Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100203,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Better determination of subspecies and their boundaries, gaining a clearer understanding of factors regulation populations, the connectivity among populations, foraging ecology and habitat use at wintering sites, potential impacts of climate change (Vennesland and butler, 2011).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101788,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:13.999699Z"}],"references":[{"id":133111,"citation":"Allen, H. 1991. 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Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":763209,"citation":"Butler, R.W. 1992. Great Blue Heron (<i>Ardea herodias</i>). In A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, editors, The Birds of North America, No. 25. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC.","shortCitationAuthor":"Butler","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"N92BUT61HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.788514Z"},{"id":158841,"citation":"Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Castro and Phillips","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"B96CAS0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":135328,"citation":"DeMauro, M. M. 1993. Colonial nesting bird responses to visitor use at Lake Renwick heron rookery, Illinois. Natural Areas Journal 13:4-9.","shortCitationAuthor":"DeMauro","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93DEM02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.788514Z"},{"id":102983,"citation":"Dumas, J. V. 2000. Roseate Spoonbill (AJAIA AJAJA). No. 490 IN A. Poole and F. Gill, editors, The birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 32pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Dumas","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"A00DUM01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:21.704858Z"},{"id":123055,"citation":"Ehrlich, P. R., D. S. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1992. Birds in Jeopardy: the Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. 259 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ehrlich et al.","shortCitationYear":1992,"referenceCode":"B92EHR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.459982Z"},{"id":132996,"citation":"Fleury, B. E., and T. W. Sherry. 1995. Long-term population trends of colonial wading birds in the southern United States: the impact of crayfish aquaculture on Louisiana populations. Auk 112:613-632.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fleury and Sherry","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"A95FLE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:21.673617Z"},{"id":120719,"citation":"Gerrard, J. M., et al. 1993. Water-bird population changes in 1976-1990 on Besnard Lake, Saskatchewan: increases in loons, gulls, and pelicans. Can. J. 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