{"elementGlobalId":100199,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":4,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Expertise without calculation","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by inspection","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ovis aries</i>","scientificName":"Ovis aries","scientificNameAuthor":"Linnaeus, 1758","primaryCommonName":"Domestic Sheep","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ovis aries</i> Linnaeus, 1758 (TSN 552475)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100199","elcode":"AMALE04030","conceptRefFullCitation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","conceptName":"<i>Ovis aries</i>","taxonomicComments":"Domestic form of <i>O. gmelini</i>. Grubb (in Wilson and Reeder 1993, 2005) included <i>O. orientalis</i> (Asiatic Mouflon), as well as <i>O. musimon</i> and <i>O. ophion</i> (primitive domestic sheep, now feral), in <i>Ovis aries</i>. <i>Ovis aries</i> has been included in <i>O. ammon</i> (Argali) by some authors, but <i>O. ammon</i> was regarded as a distinct species by Grubb (in Wilson and Reeder 1993, 2005). <i>Ovis aries</i> (<i>O. orientalis</i>) hybridizes with <i>O. vignei</i> in Iran. See Tomich (1986) for information on <i>Ovis </i><i>aries</i>-<i>O</i><i>. musimon</i> hybrids in Hawaii.<br/><br/>The genus <i>Ovis </i>has been included in the genus <i>Capra </i>by some authors.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":null,"conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":null,"primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":867729,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":38,"nameEn":"Canada","nameEs":"Canadá","nameFr":"Canada","isoCode":"CA","region":"Canada"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[],"nrankReviewYear":2016,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":867729,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementNationalId":168906,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NNA","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":321552,"subnation":{"id":16,"nameEn":"Hawaii","nameEs":"Hawai","nameFr":"Hawaï","subnationCode":"HI","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":321552,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}},{"elementSubnationalId":1216681,"subnation":{"id":59,"nameEn":"Wyoming","nameEs":"Wyoming","nameFr":"Wyoming","subnationCode":"WY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":1216681,"hybrid":false,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"NNA","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":168906,"exotic":true,"native":false}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:32:51.990003Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100199/Ovis_aries","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2000-06-15","grankReviewDate":"2016-04-04","grankReasons":null,"grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100199,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":null,"numberEos":null,"numberGoodEos":null,"numberProtEos":null,"popSize":null,"rangeExtent":null,"shortTermTrend":null,"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"Southern and eastern Turkey, Armenia, southern Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and western Iran; domesticated worldwide; primitive domestic populations (mouflon) are feral on Corsica, Cyprus, and Sardinia, introduced from there to Europe, Crimea, U.S. (including Hawaii), Chile, Kerguelen Islands, Tenerife (Canary Islands), St. Kilda and other small islands off the British Isles; improved domestic stock is feral in Norway, Sweden, U.S., islands off the coasts of British Isles and New Zealand, Kerguelen Islands, and probably other oceanic islands (Grubb, in Wilson and Reeder 1993). Few populations of wild sheep remain in Eurasia, but domestic sheep occur worldwide in association with humans. Feral populations are firmly established on Hawaii, principally on Mauna Kea and Hualalai; mainly at 600-3950 m; formerly on other islands and more widespread on Hawaii (Tomich 1986); mouflon (\"OVIS MUSIMON\") occur on western Lanai and on the Big Island (Hawaii) on Mauna Loa and among other feral sheep on Mana Kea (Tomich 1986).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"\"OVIS MUSIMON\": Sardinia population was about 1100-1600 in the 1980s (see Nowak 1991). Introductions have resulted in a population of about 60,000 in mainland Europe, with additional populations in other parts of the world. Population on Lanai in 1981 was estimated at about 900; about 500 on Mauna Kea in the mid-1980s.","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":null,"shortTermTrendComments":"Mouflon (\"OVIS MUSIMON\"): population in native range declined drastically after 1900, with only a few hundred surviving in the 1960s; subsequent protection led to an increase, at least on Sardinia (see Nowak 1991).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100199,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":null,"animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101364,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":-1,"locationUseClass":null,"eoSpecGroupName":"Default","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":null,"mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":1.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":null,"versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:20:12.251048Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100199,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":"Has been a serious pest in Hawaii where it is destructive to mamane (SOPHORA) trees and thus incompatible with protection of habitat for palila and other endemic birds (Scott et al. 1984); control measures in the early 1980s reduced the population to a low level (Tomich 1986). Also has caused ecological damage on Santa Cruz Island, California.","restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"See Tomich (1986) for overview of sheep management on Hawaii and its relationship to protection of habitat for endangered palila. <br><br>On Santa Cruz Island, California, control measures have greatly reduced the population, with complete eradication the ultimate goal (Schuyler 1989, Van Vuren and Coblentz 1989).","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101784,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:15:12.905958Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},{"id":106612,"citation":"Clutton-Brock, T. H., et al. 1991. Persistent instability and population regulation in soay sheep. J. Anim. Ecol. 60:593-608.","shortCitationAuthor":"Clutton-Brock et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91CLU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.053957Z"},{"id":1128168,"citation":"Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(5):645-651.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gentry et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04GEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2023-06-30T22:14:22.297973Z"},{"id":129635,"citation":"Georgiadis, N. J., P. Kat, H. Oketch, and J. Patton. 1991. Allozyme divergence within the Bovidae. Evolution 44:2135-2149.","shortCitationAuthor":"Georgiadis et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91GEO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":463525,"citation":"Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project. 2005. Information index for selected alien vertebrates in Hawaii. Internet resource available at http://www.hear.org/alienspeciesinhawaii/InfoIndexVertebrates.htm. Downloaded 31 March 2005.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk Project","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"W05HAW0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.053957Z"},{"id":115930,"citation":"Kramer, R. J. 1971. Hawaiian land mammals. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., Rutland, Vermont, and Tokyo, Japan. 347 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kramer","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.053957Z"},{"id":143006,"citation":"Kraus, F., and M. M. Miyamoto. 1991. Rapid cladogenesis among the pecoran ruminants: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Systematic Zoology 40:117-130.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus and Miyamoto","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91KRA03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":158410,"citation":"Lever, C. 1985. Naturalized mammals of the world. Longman Group Limited, England.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lever","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"B85LEV0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":104862,"citation":"Nowak, R. M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Vols. I and II. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Nowak","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91NOW01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:03.881928Z"},{"id":126683,"citation":"Schuyler, P. 1989. Control of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island. In F. G. Hochberg, ed. Recent advances in California Islands research: proceedings of the third California Islands symposium. Santa Barbara Mus. Nat. Hist.","shortCitationAuthor":"Schuyler","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89SCH02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":143291,"citation":"Scott, J. M., S. Mountainspring, C. van Riper, III, C. B. Kepler, J. D. Jacobi, T. A. Burr, and J. G. Griffin. 1984. Annual variation in the distribution, abundance, and habitat response of the alila (LOXIOIDES BALLEUI). Auk 101:647-64.","shortCitationAuthor":"Scott et al.","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84SCO05NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":152118,"citation":"Tomich, P. Q. 1986. Mammals in Hawai'i. A synopsis and notational bibliography. Second edition. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 375 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Tomich","shortCitationYear":1986,"referenceCode":"B86TOM01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":114718,"citation":"Van Vuren, D., and B. E. Coblentz. 1989. Population characteristics of feral sheep on Santa Cruz Island. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:306-313.","shortCitationAuthor":"Van Vuren and Coblentz","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89VAN03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.053957Z"},{"id":127713,"citation":"Van Vuren, D., and P. W. Hedrick. 1989. Genetic conservation in feral populations of livestock. Conservation Biology 3:312-317.","shortCitationAuthor":"Van Vuren and Hedrick","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89VAN02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:14.069551Z"},{"id":117022,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"},{"id":477777,"citation":"Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Two volumes. 2,142 pp. [As modified by ASM the Mammal Diversity Database (MDD) at https://www.mammaldiversity.org/index.html]","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"B05WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2022-07-02T00:44:59.638537Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[{"id":118265,"name":"European Mouflon Sheep","language":"EN"},{"id":101844,"name":"Mouflon","language":"EN"},{"id":102018,"name":"Oveja, Borrego","language":"ES"},{"id":207629,"name":"Red Sheep","language":"EN"}],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100199,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Artiodactyla","family":"Bovidae","genus":"Ovis","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":"PS:E","usesaComments":"Cyprus population of mouflon, variously known as \"<i>Ovis musimon ophion</i>\" or \"<i>Ovis orientalis ophion</i>\" is listed by USFWS as Endangered.","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100199,"reproductionComments":"Breeds year round in Hawaii, with a peak in late winter-early spring and a lesser peak in late summer. Gestation lasts around 150 days. May attain sexual maturity within one year. Litter size 1-2. One or two litters/year. Litter size and frequency of litters are minimal in females breeding as yearlings(Kramer 1971).","ecologyComments":"Population on Hirta (St. Kilda) exhibits marked and persistent instability in population size (600-1600 individuals); high mortality occurs in winter, due mainly to starvation (Clutton-Brock et al. 1991). <br><br>Mouflon in Hawaii: travels generally in small groups, sometimes forms herds of more than 100 (Tomich 1986).","habitatComments":"Mouflon in Hawaiian Islands: rugged ridges and gullies sloping westward to sea on Lanai; in scrub habitat at 1200-2400 m on Mauna Loa (Tomich 1986).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-104476,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":4,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Woodland - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Lote de madera - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Terrain boisé — Feuillu","displayOrder":6}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104472,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":7,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Shrubland/chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Matorral/Chaparral","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Fruticée/Chaparral","displayOrder":9}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104473,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":8,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Savanna","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Sabana","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Savane","displayOrder":10}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104474,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":9,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Grassland/herbaceous","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Pastizales/cobertura herbácea","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Prairie/couverture herbacée","displayOrder":11}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104475,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":12,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Alpine","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Alpino","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Alpin","displayOrder":14}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104477,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":17,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Bare rock/talus/scree","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Roca viva/pendiente de roca/piedras sueltas","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Éboulis","displayOrder":20}},{"cagTerrHabId":-104478,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":18,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Cliff","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Acantilado","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Falaise","displayOrder":21}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.13) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10595931. Online. Available: https://www.mammaldiversity.org/","shortCitationAuthor":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM)","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25ASM01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:45:15.526109Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[]}