{"elementGlobalId":100121,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":3,"iucnDescEn":"Critically endangered","iucnDescEs":"En peligro crítico","iucnDescFr":"Gravement menacée d’extinction","iucnCode":"CR"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Lepidochelys kempii</i>","scientificName":"Lepidochelys kempii","scientificNameAuthor":"(Garman, 1880)","primaryCommonName":"Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle","relatedItisNames":"<i>Lepidochelys kempii</i> (Garman, 1880) (TSN 551770)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100121","elcode":"ARAAA04010","conceptRefFullCitation":"King, F. W., and R. L. Burke, editors. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Association of Systematics Collections, Washington, D.C. 216 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Lepidochelys kempii</i>","taxonomicComments":"Mitochondrial DNA data indicate that <i>L. kempii</i> is phylogenetically distinct from <i>L. olivacea</i> (Bowen et al. 1991).","roundedGRank":"G2","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-10-15","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G., and D. R. Jackson (2011); rev. R. L. 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species is mostly restricted to the Gulf of Mexico with the majority of the population nesting in Tamaulipas, México. The population declined by at least 90% by the 1980s. The population began rebounding in the 1990s. The core breeding population is estimated to be 28,113 mature individuals. Primary threats include at-sea habitat destruction from bottom trawling and mortality from by-catch by the commercial shrimp industry.","grank":"G2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100121,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":1,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Highly vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Altamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Très vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":1,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of >90%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de >90%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de >90 %"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":7,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very few (1-3)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muy pocos (de 1 a 3)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Très peu (de 1 à 3)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":7,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few to several (1-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Gradualmente hasta unos pocos casos (1 a 12) adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"De peu à quelques occurrences (de 1 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":44,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Increase of >10%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Aumento de >10%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Augmentation de >10 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Nesting is mostly restricted to the Gulf of Mexico from Veracruz, México north and east along the Gulf Coast of the United States. There are also a small number of nesting sites on the Atlantic Coast as far north as North Carolina (NMFS and USFWS 2015). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from the nesting range, range extent is estimated to be 2.1 million km² (RARECAT 2025).<br/><br/>There is a single major nesting beach, at Rancho Nuevo, Tamaulipas, Mexico; 60% of nesting occurs along a 40-kilometer stretch of beach there (NMFS and USFWS 2007). In 2006, eggs were deposited in several hundred nests near Tampico, Mexico, and in about 100 nests in Texas (NMFS and USFWS 2007). Sporadic nesting has occurred as far north as North Carolina and south to Colombia (Palmatier 1993).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Despite occurrences of this species throughout the Gulf of Mexico and in much of the northern Atlantic, there remains only a single important nesting area (NMFS and USFWS 2015).","popSizeComments":"Total number of nests for all beaches in México in 2006 was estimated at 12,143, with another 100 in the United States (mainly Texas) (NMFS and USFWS 2007). This equates to more than 4,000 females. Given a nesting interval of about 2 years, the total number of adult females in 2006 was approximately 7,000-8,000. One study estimated the population size of adults 9 years or older (i.e., mature adults) for the three main nesting beaches in México to be 28,113 in 2012 (Gallaway et al. 2016).","viabilityComments":"The three main nesting sites in Tamaulipas, México are likely the only occurrences with good long-term viability (NMFS and USFWS 2015).","threatImpactComments":"Present significant threats include, beach and coastal development in areas away from the main nesting beach; various forms of coastal marine habitat degradation (e.g., bottom trawling and dredging of inshore and nearshore areas); mortality in shrimp nets and other fishing gear (this threat has been reduced to some degree through improved regulations); boat collisions; oil spills and exposure to other contaminants; and entanglement in and ingestion of marine debris (especially plastics) (Thompson 1990, CSTC 1990, USFWS 1992, USFWS 1998, NMFS and USFWS 2007, NMFS and USFWS 2015, Nava Montes et al. 2020). Threats to the main nesting beach in México are presently few, but other areas in México where nesting occurs are experiencing continued human population growth and increasing development pressure (USFWS 1992, USFWS 1998). Concentration of nesting in one area makes the species vulnerable to detrimental impacts of severe storms. The species' tendency to congregate in large numbers at breeding times increases vulnerability to disturbance. Climate change is a potential threat (could alter sex ratios; sea level rise and increased storm frequency could reduce nesting habitat) (NMFS and USFWS 2015). Development, disturbance by beachgoers, and erosion are threats in Florida, which hosts a very small proportion of nests (NMFS and USFWS 2015, Shaver et al. 2016).<br/><br/>A major decline occurred with heavy harvest of eggs (and adults) prior to the mid-1960s, but now all main nesting areas have good protection.","shortTermTrendComments":"Annual number of nests at Rancho Nuevo (i.e., the largest nesting population) have increased significantly after the 1980s. The lowest number of nests on the three main nesting beaches for this species occurred in 1985 with 702 nests (NMFS and USFWS 2015, Bevan et al. 2016). The number of nests has increased to a high of 19,163 nests in 2009, but the number of nests have declined to 10,987 nests in 2014 (NMFS and USFWS 2015, Bevan et al. 2016).","longTermTrendComments":"Number of nesting females declined from an estimated 48,000 based on an estimated 121,517 nests in 1947 (Bevan et al. 2016) to only around 234 (740 nests) by 1986 (NMFS and USFWS 2015, Bevan et al. 2016). However, the 1940s population may have been an order of magnitude smaller (see NMFS and USFWS 2007).","inventoryNeeds":"Main nesting areas are well known but need continued monitoring. Monitoring at peripheral nesting sites (e.g., U.S. Gulf Coast states) needed.","numberProtEosComments":"Most important nesting areas are adequately protected. Coastal feeding areas and migration corridors have some degree of protection through improved fishing regulations (Gallaway et al. 2016).","protectionNeeds":"This species is in need of continued protective fishing regulations (e.g., use of Turtle Excluder Devices, restriction of tow times, fishing closures) in the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast. Increased protection of Rancho Nuevo beach should be funded. Strict standards and limitations on any potentially polluting activity, including disposal of plastics at sea, should be instituted. Lagoonal/estuarine feeding habitats need protection. Stronger limitations on outer continental shelf drilling and oil tanker design and traffic should be imposed. Designated critical habitat should be expanded.<br/><br/>See recovery plan (USFWS 1992, USFWS 1998).","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"Female age at maturity is not explicitly known but is estimated to be 5-15 years (NMFS and USFWS 2013). Nesting occurs on the same beaches during the same seasonal period each year, leaving the species vulnerable to poaching.","enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100121,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Most individuals move north or south from the major nesting beach at Rancho Nuevo and then settle in resident feeding areas for several months or more in various coastal locations in the Gulf of Mexico (see NMFS and USFWS 2007). An unknown percentage of the population migrates migrates up to thousands of kilometers between nesting beaches and Atlantic coastal feeding areas as far north as Long Island Sound, New York (Morreale et al. 1992; Morreale and Standora, no date), and beyond.","foodHabitsComments":"Adults evidently are primarily benthic feeders that specialize on crabs; juveniles feed on sargassum, mollusks often associated with sargassum, and fishes and shrimps probably discarded by anglers (Shaver 1991). Spider crabs and rock crabs were important prey at Long Island, New York, where ridleys also consumed lady crabs, blue mussels, bay scallops, mud snails, marine plants, and debris (Burke et al. 1994; Copeia 1993:1176-1180). Recorded stomach contents also include shrimp, sea urchins, sea stars, and fishes.","animalPhenologyComments":"In northern estuaries, diving activity peaked at dusk and dawn (see Morreale and Standora, no date).","colonialBreeder":true,"length":70,"width":null,"weight":45000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101281,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1189,"locationUseClass":{"id":7,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Hibernaculum","locationUseClassDescEs":"Hibernáculo","locationUseClassDescFr":"Gîte d’hibernation","displayOrder":8},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple dormant individuals. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known concentrations of dormant individuals.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the Atlantic coast of Florida but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1191,"locationUseClass":{"id":15,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Adult foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de adultos","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation adulte","displayOrder":15},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple adults in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Foraging home range sizes of individual hawksbill turtles in the West Indies were 1.96-49.5 sq km and were positively correlated with average water depth (Horrocks et al. 2001). <br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1192,"locationUseClass":{"id":17,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Juvenile foraging area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de alimentación de los jóvenes","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire d’alimentation juvénile","displayOrder":16},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Reliable observation of multiple juveniles in an area that supports productive populations of appropriate food organisms. Multiple years of information should be used to reliably identify significant, persistent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":null,"separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance refers to known areas of concentrated foraging activity. In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas such as the entirety of Long Island Sound or Chesapeake Bay but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria.  <br><br>Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br>","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1190,"locationUseClass":{"id":16,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nesting area","locationUseClassDescEs":"Zona de anidación","locationUseClassDescFr":"Aire de nidification","displayOrder":17},"eoSpecGroupName":"Sea Turtles (Cheloniidae and Dermochelyidae)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more nesting individuals or nests with eggs.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation have increased our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships among certain populations of sea turtles and have allowed the recognition of some evolutionarily distinctive units. However, available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most sea turtle populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for the different kinds of occurrences covered by the specifications. The separation distances used here do not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather are arbitrary values that attempt to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size for conservation use. Additionally, these specifications assume that it is best to have uniform occurrence standards for all sea turtle species, placing greater emphasis on the general similarity of their life history patterns than on specific biological differences among species.<br><br>Nesting populations on separate islands or mainland areas within the separation distance should be treated as parts of the same occurrence. However, each distinct nesting location can be treated as a distinct sub-occurrence (sub-EO) or source feature for which specific data can be recorded.","versionDate":"2004-04-26","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:22.159951Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100121,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"The recovery plan (USFWS 1992) summarizes management needs. Frazer (1992) emphasized the primary need for clean and productive marine and coastal environments; installation of turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl nets and use of low pressure sodium lighting on beaches were suggested as appropriate sea turtle conservation technologies, whereas headstarting, captive breeding, and hatcheries were regarded as ineffective at best. Captive breeding was not regarded as a preferred management tool by CSTC (1990). See also Bjorndal (1982). <br><br>Reduction in trawl-related mortality, through the use of turtle excluder devices and seasonal fisheries closures and/or reduced tow times by shrimp trawlers, is regarded as a primary management need (Mitchell 1991, NMFS 1993, Lewison et al. 2003).<br><br>All nesting areas should be protected throughout the reproductive season (through hatchling emergence).","monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":"Since 1978, USFWS and Mexican government have cooperated in protecting the nesting area at Rancho Nuevo. <br><br>See NMFS and USFWS (2007) for a summary of regulatory intruments that relate to conservation of this species.","monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"More studies needed on causes of mortality at sea. 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