{"elementGlobalId":100114,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":8,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Subspecies","classificationLevelNameEs":"Subespecie","classificationLevelNameFr":"Sous-espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":null,"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":1,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":"Legacy Rank calculation - Excel v3.1x","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae</i>","scientificName":"Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae","scientificNameAuthor":"Miller, 1948","primaryCommonName":"Amargosa Pupfish","relatedItisNames":"<i>Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae</i> Miller, 1948 (TSN 647758)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100114","elcode":"AFCNB02074","conceptRefFullCitation":"Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. i-x + 854 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae</i>","taxonomicComments":null,"roundedGRank":"T1","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2013-03-11","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Hammerson, G.","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":166461,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N1","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":308956,"subnation":{"id":7,"nameEn":"California","nameEs":"California","nameFr":"Californie","subnationCode":"CA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1S2","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":308956,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":2014,"nrank":"N1N2","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":166461,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:32:39.184018Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100114/Cyprinodon_nevadensis_amargosae","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2014-09-19","grankReviewDate":"2014-09-19","grankReasons":"Limited range in Amargosa River system, California; susceptible to water flow reductions and introduction of exotic species.","grank":"G2T1T2","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100114,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":33,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to Relatively Stable","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a relativamente estable","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à relativement stable"},"numberEos":{"id":1,"numberEosDescEn":"1 - 5","numberEosDescEs":"De 1 a 5","numberEosDescFr":"De 1 à 5"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":6,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Few (1-3) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Pocos casos (1 a 3) están adecuadamente protegidos y controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Peu d’occurrences (de 1 à 3) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":22,"popSizeDescEn":"1000 - 2500 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 1.000 a 2.500 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 1 000 à 2 500 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":8,"rangeExtentDescEn":"100-250 square km (about 40-100 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 100 a 250 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 40 a 100 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 100 à 250 km carrés (de 40 à 100 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":46,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Unknown","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Desconocido","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Inconnu"},"threatImpactAssigned":null,"rangeExtentComments":"This is apparently the most widespread of any <i>C. nevadensis</i> subspecies, but its range is nevertheless quite small. It inhabits two permanently flowing sections of the lower Amargosa River, in Inyo and San Bernardino counties, southeastern California. One section begins above Tecopa (including ditches draining Tecopa Hot Springs and Tecopa Bore (an outflow of an artesian well; Moyle 2002) and flows through Amargosa Canyon for about 11 kilometers. The other section flows through Death Valley northwest of Saratoga Springs and about 32 km below Sperry, continuing for only a few kilometers. Meristic differences between the two populations suggest that they are effectively isolated, except perhaps during flood periods (Miller 1948, Moyle et al. 1989). A population introduced in 1940 in River Springs, Adobe Valley, Mono County, California, still exists (Moyle 2002).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Area of occupancy is very small.","numberEosComments":"This subspecies is represented by only one or two occurrences within the native range.","popSizeComments":null,"viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"The primary threat is potential dewatering of the Amargosa River (Moyle et al. 1995). Moyle et al. (1995) explained this threat as follows. The river apparently receives much of its permanent flow from springs fed by a large, ancient aquifer that extends into western Utah and central Nevada. As of the mid-1990s, farming operations and human settlements in the Amargosa region were withdrawing increasing amounts of water from the aquifer. If these withdrawals continue to increase, and if Las Vegas proceeds with its planned withdrawals, it is highly likely that the Amargosa River will have its flows greatly reduced or dry up completely during dry years. Already, diversions of springs and outflows on private land in the Tecopa area have probably reduced local flows in the river and local pupfish populations as well. With an increasing human population in Tecopa and the upper Amargosa Valley, demand for water and protection from floods is increasing (floods benefit pupfish by periodically reducing mosquitofish populations). Habitat in the Amargosa River in Death Valley National Monument is dependent on water that comes from upstream, unprotected areas (Moyle et al. 1989, 1995). Although not mentioned by Moyle et al. (1995), climate change is likely to exacerbate the dewatering threat posed by human activities.<br><br>This subspecies is highly vulnerable to introductions of exotic fishes (Moyle et al. 1995). Mosquitofish already are present in the river, but the pupfish apparently can coexist with them. Escapes/releases from a catfish farm located upstream in Shoshone are a potential threat. The river is readily accessible to people, so introductions of harmful non-native aquatic species is always a possibility.","shortTermTrendComments":"Trend over the past 10 years or three generation is uncertain. The overall population was regarded as stable in 1998 (see Moyle 2002).","longTermTrendComments":"Long-term trend is uncertain, but probably the distribution/abundance of this subspecies has declined to some degree over the long term.","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Most of the Amargosa Canyon area is owned by TNC and BLM. Amargosa Canyon is an Area of Critical Environmental Concern. The isolated Death Valley section downstream is managed by the National Park Service.","protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100114,"majorHabitat":{"id":2,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Freshwater","majorHabitatDescEs":"Agua dulce","majorHabitatDescFr":"Eau douce"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Diet includes mainly cyanobacteria; also small invertebrates (mostly chironomid larvae, ostracods, and copepods) (see Moyle et al. 1995).","animalPhenologyComments":"Actively feeds from sunrise to sunset, inactive at night (Moyle et al. 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100623,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100624,"animalPhenology":{"id":5,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Crepuscular","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Crépusculaire","displayOrder":5},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101277,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101278,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1115,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Killifishes (Cyprinodontids)","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including eggs and larvae) in appropriate habitat.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Dam lacking a suitable fishway; high waterfall; upland habitat.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":null,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":null,"altSeparationProcedure":"Each spring system that is undivided by a barrier constitutes a single distinct occurrence. Otherwise, use a separation distance of 10 km for any type of aquatic habitat.","separationJustification":"Separation distance is arbitrary. Because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat, especially with respect to dispersal, and to simplify the delineation of occurrences, a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality.","versionDate":"2004-09-21","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:59.707831Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100114,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"Management needs include the following (Moyle et al. 1995):<br><br>Populations should be monitored annually. Efforts should be made to ensure a natural flow in the Amargosa River, including flood flows that reduce populations of introduced fishes. Management strategies should protect populations in both the upstream segment (Tecopa area and Amargosa Canyon) and the downstream segment (Death Valley) to maintain genetic diversity. Fences and barriers need to be properly maintained, as vehicle trespass is a common problem.<br><br>The most difficult problem is dealing with the results of water removal from the aquifer that apparently feeds the river. Proposed, massive groundwater pumping by Las Vegas should be forestalled until it can be determined<br>for certain whether or not the Amargosa River depends on the aquifer and would be threatened by pumping.<br><br>Given the uncertainties of continued flow in the Amargosa River, a contingency plan should be developed that would include the identification of habitats or of facilities to temporarily hold pupfish from both upstream and downstream populations in the event population loss appears imminent.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Better information is needed on early life history requirements and population dynamics.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101706,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:57.733745Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151343,"citation":"Fricke, R., W. N. Eschmeyer, and R. van der Laan (eds). 2025. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Online. Available: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. Accessed 2025.","shortCitationAuthor":"Fricke et al.","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"W25FRI01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-04-04T21:51:38.492811Z"},{"id":641946,"citation":"Jelks, H. L., S. J. Walsh, N. M. Burkhead, S. Contreras-Balderas, E. Díaz-Pardo, D. A. Hendrickson, J. Lyons, N. E. Mandrak, F. McCormick, J. S. Nelson, S. P. Platania, B. A. Porter, C. B. Renaud, J. Jacobo Schmitter-Soto, E. B. Taylor, and M.L. Warren, Jr. 2008. Conservation status of imperiled North American freshwater and diadromous fishes. Fisheries 33(8):372-407.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jelks et al.","shortCitationYear":2008,"referenceCode":"A08JEL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.147906Z"},{"id":104497,"citation":"Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Carolina. i-x + 854 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lee et al.","shortCitationYear":1980,"referenceCode":"B80LEE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.158121Z"},{"id":145703,"citation":"Miller, R. R. 1948. The cyprinodont fishes of the Death Valley system of eastern California and southwestern Nevada. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Miscellaneous Publications 68:1-155.","shortCitationAuthor":"Miller","shortCitationYear":1948,"referenceCode":"B48MIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.508823Z"},{"id":720729,"citation":"Miller, R. R. 1968. Records of some native freshwater fishes transplanted into various waters of California, Baja California, and Nevada. California Fish and Game 54:170-179.","shortCitationAuthor":"Miller","shortCitationYear":1968,"referenceCode":"A68MIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.52295Z"},{"id":105518,"citation":"Minckley, W. L., and J. E. Deacon. 1991. Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. xviii + 517 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minckley and Deacon","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.508823Z"},{"id":123387,"citation":"Minckley, W. L., G. K. Meffe, and D. L. Soltz. 1991a. Conservation and management of short-lived fishes: the cyprinodontoids. Pages 247-82 in W. L. Minckley and J. E. Deacon (editors). Battle Against Extinction: Native Fish Management in the American West. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minckley et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:58.350566Z"},{"id":131527,"citation":"Moyle, P. B., J. E. Williams, and E. D. Wikramanayake. 1989. Fish species of special concern of California. Final report submitted to California Dept. of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Rancho Cordova. 222 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moyle et al.","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"R89MOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-04-05T22:15:48.962378Z"},{"id":147361,"citation":"Moyle, P. B., R. M. Yoshiyama, J. E. Williams, and E. D. Wikramanayake. 1995. Fish species of special concern in California. Second edition. California Department of Fish and Game, Inland Fisheries Division, Rancho Cordova, California. iv + 272 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Moyle et al.","shortCitationYear":1995,"referenceCode":"B95MOY01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.508823Z"},{"id":672870,"citation":"Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 2011. Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston. xix + 663 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Page and Burr","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"B11PAG01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.158121Z"},{"id":122065,"citation":"Williams, C. D., T. P. Hardy, and J. E. Deacon. 1982. Distribution and status of fishes of the Amargosa River Canyon, California. Report submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Endangered Species Office, Sacramento, California. 115 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Williams et al.","shortCitationYear":1982,"referenceCode":"U82WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.52295Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100114,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":1,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single state or province","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de un estado o provincia","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à un État ou à une province"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":9,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Fishes - Freshwater and Anadromous Bony, Cartilaginous; Lampreys","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1120},"parentSpecies":{"parentSpeciesId":106106,"uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106106","formattedScientificName":"<i>Cyprinodon nevadensis</i>","scientificName":"Cyprinodon nevadensis","primaryCommonName":"Amargosa Pupfish","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:02.508823Z","nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.106106/Cyprinodon_nevadensis"},"infraspecies":true,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Actinopterygii","taxorder":"Cyprinodontiformes","family":"Cyprinodontidae","genus":"Cyprinodon","americanFisheriesStatus":"Vulnerable","americanFisheriesStatusDate":"2008-08-01","saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Fishes","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100114,"reproductionComments":"Group spawner.","ecologyComments":"In contrast to spring-dwelling subspecies, males do not establish and defend territories (Moyle et al. 1989).","habitatComments":"Habitat of this eurythermal fish includes stream edges and marshes (Minckley et al. 1991).<br><br>Upper section of the lower Amargosa River: Habitat near Tecopa consists of broad marshes fed by hot springs. Immediately downstream, the river flows through the narrow Amargosa Canyon, where the stream is less than 2 meters wide (but up to 2.5 meters deep and has clear saline water, swift flow between numerous pools (pools have mud and clay bottom, runs have substrate mostly of sand and gravel), and abundant shoreline vegetation. The fishes prefer areas 10-35 cm deep with a flow of 0.05 cubic meters per second. See Miller (1948) and Moyle et al. (1995).<br><br>In Death Valley National Par, the habitat consists of a stream with substrates of fine silt, clay, mud, and sand, with no instream macrovegetation. Current is moderate to swift between pools that are 0.75-1.25 meters deep. Temperatures are highly variable; younger fishes commonly occur in warmer waters than do adults. See Miller (1948) and Moyle et al. (1995).","generalDescription":null,"diagnosticCharacteristics":null,"speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-101739,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101740,"riverineHabitat":{"id":4,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"SPRING/SPRING BROOK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"MANANTIAL/VERTIENTE","riverineHabitatDescFr":"PRINTEMPS/RUISSEAUX PRINTANIERS","displayOrder":4}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101742,"riverineHabitat":{"id":6,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Moderate gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de flujo medio","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement moyenne","displayOrder":6}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101743,"riverineHabitat":{"id":7,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Low gradient","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Pendiente de bajo flujo","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Pente d’écoulement faible","displayOrder":7}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101741,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[{"cagPalusHabId":-100907,"palustrineHabitat":{"id":2,"palustrineHabitatDescEn":"HERBACEOUS WETLAND","palustrineHabitatDescEs":"HUMEDAL HERBÁCEO","palustrineHabitatDescFr":"TERRE HUMIDE HERBACÉE","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1151343,"citation":"Fricke, R., W. N. Eschmeyer, and R. van der Laan (eds). 2025. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. Online. Available: http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. 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