{"elementGlobalId":100110,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Stenella frontalis</i>","scientificName":"Stenella frontalis","scientificNameAuthor":"(Cope, 1866)","primaryCommonName":"Atlantic Spotted Dolphin","relatedItisNames":"<i>Stenella frontalis</i> (G. Cuvier, 1829) (TSN 552460)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100110","elcode":"AMAGE01060","conceptRefFullCitation":"Perrin, W. F., et al. 1987. Revision of the spotted dolphins, <i>Stenella </i>spp. Marine Mammal Science 3(2):99-170.","conceptName":"<i>Stenella frontalis</i>","taxonomicComments":"Previously all Atlantic spotted dolphins were considered to be <i>Stenella plagiodon</i> but were revised to include three distinct species: <i>Stenella dubia</i>, <i>Stenella attenuata</i>, and <i>Stenella frontalis</i> (includes <i>Delphinus froenatus</i> and <i>D. plagiodon</i>) (Perrin et al. 1987).","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2024-10-23","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. (2024)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":165046,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"NU","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":310101,"subnation":{"id":51,"nameEn":"Texas","nameEs":"Texas","nameFr":"Texas","subnationCode":"TX","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":310101,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":283742,"subnation":{"id":34,"nameEn":"North Carolina","nameEs":"Carolina del Norte","nameFr":"Caroline du Nord","subnationCode":"NC","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3N","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3N","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":283742,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":275343,"subnation":{"id":41,"nameEn":"New York","nameEs":"Nueva York","nameFr":"New York","subnationCode":"NY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":275343,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":275065,"subnation":{"id":25,"nameEn":"Maryland","nameEs":"Maryland","nameFr":"Maryland","subnationCode":"MD","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNA","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNA","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":275065,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":355796,"subnation":{"id":14,"nameEn":"Georgia","nameEs":"Georgia","nameFr":"Géorgie","subnationCode":"GA","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNRN","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNRN","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":355796,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1997,"nrank":"NU","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":165046,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:32:38.517Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100110/Stenella_frontalis","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"1996-11-15","grankReviewDate":"2024-10-23","grankReasons":"This species is widespread through the tropical and warm-temperate Atlantic Ocean. It is considered common and much of the range is considered to have good ecological integrity. Threats include mortality as by-catch in commercial and subsistence fishing, pollutants, and indirect effects of food resource depletion.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100110,"aooPercentGood":{"id":21,"aooPercentGoodDescEn":"Excellent percentage (>40%) of area with excellent or good viability or ecological integrity","aooPercentGoodDescEs":"Excelente porcentaje (>40%) de área con excelente o buena viabilidad o integridad ecológica","aooPercentGoodDescFr":"Pourcentage très élevé (>40 %) d’aires où la viabilité ou l’intégrité écologique est bonne ou excellente"},"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":10,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Broad.  Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":32,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-50%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 50%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 50 %"},"numberEos":{"id":17,"numberEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":22,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Unknown","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Desconocido","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Inconnu"},"numberProtEos":{"id":16,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Unknown whether any occurrences are appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Se desconoce si se protege y controla adecuadamente algúna ocurrencia","numberProtEosDescFr":"Nombre inconnu d’occurrences protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":34,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 - 1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a 1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à 1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":10,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Low","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Bajo","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Faible"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is found in the tropical and warm-temperate Atlantic Ocean, from ca. 45°N to ca. 35°S in the west, and to the coast of Africa from Mauritania south to at least Gabon in the east (Perrin 2002).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Due to their wide-ranging movements, establishing the boundaries of an occurrence are challenging.","popSizeComments":"Common in the western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (Perrin 2002). A 2017-2018 estimate in the northern Gulf of Mexico estimated 21,506 individuals (Hayes et al. 2022). A 2016 survey in the U.S. between the lower Bay of Fundy and central Florida estimated 39,921 individuals.","viabilityComments":"Due to the difficulty in estimating the number of occurrences, percent area with good viability was used. Most of the range likely has good viability.","threatImpactComments":"By-catch in commercial and subsistence fisheries is a localized threat where adequate protections are not in place (Perrin 2002, Marega-Imamura et al. 2020). This species is known to accumulate multiple pollutants (e.g.: PCBs, DDTs, and PBDEs) in its tissues (Méndez-Fernandez et al. 2018, Marega-Imamura et al. 2020), which may cause declines associated with decreased reproductive success as is projected for other dolphin species (de Oliveira-Ferrera et al. 2021). Loss of food sources can cause large-scale displacement (Herzing et al. 2017).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species has shown a declining trend along the Atlantic Coast of the United States (Hayes et al. 2020, Hayes et al. 2022).","longTermTrendComments":"Although common, this species has likely suffered some historical declines. Population size estimates along the Atlantic Coast of the United States have been declining from 52,279 in 1998 (Waring et al. 2000) to 39,921 in 2016 (Hayes et al. 2020).","inventoryNeeds":"Robust population estimates are needed.","numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is slow to mature, females have one calf every 1-5 years, and young are dependent on their mothers for several years (Perrin 2002).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species occupies a wide range of habitats and depths (Perrin 2002)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100110,"majorHabitat":{"id":1,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Marine","majorHabitatDescEs":"Marino","majorHabitatDescFr":"Marine"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":null,"foodHabitsComments":"Eats fishes (e.g., clupeoids, carangids, sciaenids, congrids, gadids, trichiurids, triglids) and squid; may eat fishes discarded from trawlers (Perrin et al. 1987).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":false,"length":229,"width":null,"weight":143000,"animalPhenologies":[],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101271,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101272,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1070,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Dolphins and Porpoises","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"A marine area that  is or has been occupied consistently or recurrently. Occurrences not based on the entire range of particular populations or subpopulations, but rather on distinct areas that are important to the survival of these populations.   Minimally, at least two and preferably several years of observation should be used to reliably identify significant, recurrent occurrences.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Upland areas.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":20.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":20.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation Distance arbitrary.  In most cases, occurrences should not be extensive areas but rather portions of such areas that stand out as strongly meeting the occurrence criteria. <br> Available information on genetics, dispersion, and movement patterns of most populations generally is insufficient to determine biologically meaningful separation distances for occurrences. The separation distance used here does not attempt to identify biologically distinct populations but rather is an arbitrary value that attempts to identify relatively distinct geographic areas that have frequent or concentrated activity and that are of practical size. <br> Bottlenose Dolphins (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) that were resident in a South Carolina estuary had relatively small home ranges (mean  51.3 square kilometers, 95% adaptive kernel method; Gubbins 2002).","versionDate":"2002-03-06","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":"Contains all members of the families Delphinidae and Phocoenidae, except ORCINUS ORCA.","lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:20.034948Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100110,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Research on threat impacts are needed.","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101702,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:57.014999Z"}],"references":[{"id":1151804,"citation":"American Society of Mammalogists (ASM). 2025. 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Botta, H. A. Cunha, A. F. Azevedo, T. L. Bisi, and J. Lailson-Brito. 2021. Long-term consequences of high polychlorinated biphenyl exposure: projected decline of delphinid populations in a hotspot for chemical pollution. Environmental Science and Technology 55: 15149-15161.","shortCitationAuthor":"de Oliveira-Ferreira et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21OLI01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.119711Z"},{"id":139149,"citation":"Gubbins, C. 2002. Use of home ranges by resident bottlenose dolphins (<i>Tursiops truncatus</i>) in a South Carolina estuary. Journal of Mammalogy 83: 178-187.","shortCitationAuthor":"Gubbins","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02GUB01NACA","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.119711Z"},{"id":1146000,"citation":"Hayes, S. A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, and P. E. Rosel (eds.). 2020. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments - 2019. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-264. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 468 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hayes et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"N20HAY01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.12071Z"},{"id":1145999,"citation":"Hayes, S. A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, P. E. Rosel, and J. Wallace (eds.). 2022. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments 2021. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-288. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 380 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Hayes et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"N22HAY02NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.12071Z"},{"id":111281,"citation":"Herzing, D. L. 1997. The life history of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins (<i>Stenella frontalis</i>): age classes, color phases, and female reproduction. Marine Mammal Science 13: 576-595.","shortCitationAuthor":"Herzing","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97HER01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.119711Z"},{"id":1145993,"citation":"Herzing, D. L., B. N. Augliere, C. R. Elliser, M. L. Green, and A. A. Pack. 2017. Exodus! Large-scale displacement and social adjustments of resident Atlantic spotted dolphins (<i>Stenella frontalis</i>) in the Bahamas. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0180304. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180304","shortCitationAuthor":"Herzing et al.","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"A17HER01NAUS","lastModified":"2024-11-02T00:42:23.122709Z"},{"id":106833,"citation":"IUCN (World Conservation Union). 1991. Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book. M. Klinowska (compiler). 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Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. xviii + 1206 pp. Available online at: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/msw/.","shortCitationAuthor":"Wilson and Reeder","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"B93WIL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:17.880059Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100110,"cites":{"id":2,"citesDescEn":"Appendix II","citesDescEs":"Apéndice II","citesDescFr":"Annexe II"},"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":3,"genusSizeDescEn":"Small genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género pequeño","genusSizeDescFr":"Petit genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":5,"jurisEndemDescEn":"occurs (regularly, as a native taxon) in multiple nations","jurisEndemDescEs":"Se encuentra en varias naciones (de manera regular, como un taxón nativo)","jurisEndemDescFr":"Se trouve dans plusieurs nations (de façon régulière, tel un taxon indigène)"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":null,"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":6,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Mammals","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1090},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Mammalia","taxorder":"Cetacea","family":"Delphinidae","genus":"Stenella","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":null,"interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":null,"completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[{"id":152215,"synonym":"Stenella plagiodon","synonymAuthor":"Kellogg, 1940","formattedSynonym":"<i>Stenella plagiodon</i>"}],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Mammals","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100110,"reproductionComments":"In the western Atlantic, lactation lasted up to 5 years; calving interval 1-5 years (mean 3, 3-4 in females whose calf survived the first year); age of first parturition estimated at about 10-12 years; pregnancy rate varied annually, 7-57%; birth rate 6-14% (Herzing 1997).","ecologyComments":"Pods usually consist of fewer than 50 individuals, typically 5-15 in coastal waters (Perrin et al. 1987). In the western Atlantic, average first-year mortality rate was 24% (Herzing 1997).","habitatComments":"Along southeastern U.S.: continental shelf, usually inside or near 185 m contour (within 250-350 km of coast); sometimes moves into very shallow water near shore (usually replaced in shallow water by <i>Tursiops</i>). 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