{"elementGlobalId":100109,"circumscripConfidence":{"id":1,"circumscripConfidenceDescEn":"1 - Strong","circumscripConfidenceDescEs":"1 - Fuerte","circumscripConfidenceDescFr":"1 – Forte"},"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Anaxyrus terrestris</i>","scientificName":"Anaxyrus terrestris","scientificNameAuthor":"(Bonnaterre, 1789)","primaryCommonName":"Southern Toad","relatedItisNames":"<i>Anaxyrus terrestris</i> (Bonnaterre, 1789) (TSN 773531)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100109","elcode":"AAABB01160","conceptRefFullCitation":"Frost, D. R. 1985. Amphibian species of the world. A taxonomic and geographical reference. Allen Press, Inc., and The Association of  Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. v + 732 pp.","conceptName":"<i>Bufo terrestris</i>","taxonomicComments":"The genus <i>Anaxyrus </i>was split from <i>Bufo </i>by Frost et al. (2006). However, taxonomy within the genus <i>Bufo </i>remains controversial and many references still use the long-established <i>Bufo</i>.","roundedGRank":"G5","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-06-24","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L. 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Generalist or community with all key requirements common.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Amplio.  Generalista o comunidad con todos los requisitos claves comunes.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Vaste. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à tous les critères clés sont répandus."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":21,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Very many (>125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (>125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Beaucoup (>125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":35,"popSizeDescEn":"100,000 to >1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 100.000 a >1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 100 000 à >1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":33,"rangeExtentDescEn":"200,000-2,500,000 square km (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"200.000 a 2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 80.000 a 1.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 200 000 à 2 500 000 km carrés (de 80 000 à 1 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":40,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Relatively Stable (<=10% change)","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Relativamente estable (variación = <10%)","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Relativement stable (variation = <10 %)"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":8,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Medio","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Moyen"},"rangeExtentComments":"This species is endemic to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the southeastern United States. It is found from from southeastern Virginia to the Florida Keys and west to Louisiana (Dodd Jr. 2023). There is a disjunct population in Upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge along the South Carolina-Georgia border (Laerm and Hopkins 1997, Dodd Jr. 2023). Range extent is estimated to be 1,032,142 km² (GBIF 2025, RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Represented by many and/or large occurrences throughout most of the range.","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 100,000. Common in many areas, despite habitat alteration.","viabilityComments":"Most occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"This species has declined in abundance due to habitat degradation and invasive species. This species has become uncommon in areas where introduced <i>Rhinella marina</i> has proliferated in southern Florida (Bartlett and Bartlett 1999). This species has almost certainly declined where red imported fire ants (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) have invaded (Darracq et al. 2022). Dense pine plantations reduce habitat quality and overall abundance (Haggerty et al. 2019). Insecticides, such as carbaryl, can reduce overall fitness and survival, especially in combination with saline waters (Wood and Welch 2015). Contamination of breeding wetlands from heavy metals and nitrates can reduce survival of tadpoles (Dodd Jr. 2023). While this species is tolerant of suburban development, as long as wetland breeding habitat remains, abundance is generally lower.","shortTermTrendComments":"Population trend is unknown but probably stable to slightly declining.","longTermTrendComments":"This species has declined slightly in abundance across the range due to threats (Dodd Jr. 2023).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"This species occurs on many conservation lands.","protectionNeeds":"Control red important fire ants and cane toads.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is limited by dispersal (Dodd Jr. 2023).","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"This species is a habitat generalist (Dodd Jr. 2023)."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100109,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates between breeding pools and adjacent nonbreeding terrestrial habitats.","foodHabitsComments":"Metamorphosed toads eat a variety of small terrestrial arthropods. Larvae eat organic debris, algae, and plant tissue.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive during coldest months.","colonialBreeder":true,"length":11,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100619,"animalPhenology":{"id":1,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Hibernates/aestivates","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Hibernación/Estivación","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Hiberne/estive","displayOrder":1},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagPhenologyId":100620,"animalPhenology":{"id":4,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Nocturnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Nocturno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Nocturne","displayOrder":4},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101269,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":false},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101270,"foodHabits":{"id":4,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Herbivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Herbívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Herbivore","displayOrder":4},"adult":false,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1018,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Bufonid Toads","subtypes":"Breeding Site","inferredExtentDistance":0.5,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Busy major highway such that toads rarely if ever cross successfully; roads with nonpermeable barriers to toad movement; urbanized areas dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Opportunistic observations of various toad species in lowland habitats indicate regular movements of up to at least several hundred meters from the closest known breeding site (G. Hammerson, pers. obs.). Sweet (1993) recorded movements of up to 1 km in <i>Bufo californicus</i>. In defining critical habitat for <i>B. californicus</i>, USFWS (2000) included breeding streams and upland areas within a 25-m elevational range of each essential stream reach and no more than 1.5 km away from the stream. In northwestern Utah, Thompson (2004) recorded movements of <i>Bufo boreas</i> of up to 5 km across upland habitat between two springs during the summer-fall season. Another toad moved 1.3 km between May of one year and May of the next year; the following June it was back at the original breeding location (Thompson 2004). Most studies of toad movements have not employed radiotelemetry and were not designed to detect long-range movements or dispersal. <br><br>The separation distance for unsuitable habitat reflects the nominal minimum value of 1 km. The separation distance for suitable habitat reflects the good vagility of toads, their ability to utilize ephemeral or newly created breeding sites, and the consequent likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of suitable habitat would represent truly independent populations over the long term.","versionDate":"2005-04-27","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:19.878673Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100109,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101701,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:56.671875Z"}],"references":[{"id":121080,"citation":"Bartlett, R. 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Variation of two characters in <i>Bufo fowleri</i> and <i>Bufo americanus</i>. American Museum Novitates 1343:1–5.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blair","shortCitationYear":1947,"referenceCode":"A47BLA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.663271Z"},{"id":101846,"citation":"Blem, C.R. 1979. Bufo terrestris. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 223:1-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blem","shortCitationYear":1979,"referenceCode":"A79BLE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:12:01.678919Z"},{"id":104608,"citation":"Conant, R. and J. T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians: eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, Massachusetts. 450 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Conant and Collins","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"B91CON01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:51.303794Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1154982,"citation":"Darracq, A. K., S. J. Hromada, L. Neighbors, L. L. Smith, L. M. Conner, and R. A. McCleery. 2022. Populations of an invasive ant influences survival, growth, and diet of southern toads (<i>Anaxyrus terrestris</i>). Journal of Herpetology 56(1): 84–91. doi: 10.1670/20-053","shortCitationAuthor":"Darracq et al.","shortCitationYear":2022,"referenceCode":"A22DAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-07-03T21:35:56.069936Z"},{"id":132381,"citation":"Dundee, H. A., and D. A. Rossman. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. 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