{"elementGlobalId":100100,"circumscripConfidence":null,"classificationLevel":{"id":7,"classificationLevelNameEn":"Species","classificationLevelNameEs":"Especies","classificationLevelNameFr":"Espèce"},"classificationStatus":{"id":1,"classificationStatusDescEn":"Standard","classificationStatusDescEs":"Estándar","classificationStatusDescFr":"Standard"},"iucn":{"id":11,"iucnDescEn":"Least concern","iucnDescEs":"Menos preocupante","iucnDescFr":"Moins préoccupante","iucnCode":"LC"},"nameCategory":{"id":1,"nameCategoryDescEn":"Vertebrate Animal","nameCategoryDescEs":"Animal vertebrado","nameCategoryDescFr":"Animal vertébré","nameTypeCd":"A","nameTypeDesc":"Zoological"},"rankMethodUsed":{"id":7,"rankMethodUsedDescEn":" Rank calculation - Biotics v2","rankMethodUsedDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedDescFr":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescEn":"Ranked by calculator","rankMethodUsedExternalDescEs":null,"rankMethodUsedExternalDescFr":null},"formattedScientificName":"<i>Ambystoma barbouri</i>","scientificName":"Ambystoma barbouri","scientificNameAuthor":"Kraus and Petranka, 1989","primaryCommonName":"Streamside Salamander","relatedItisNames":"<i>Ambystoma barbouri</i> Kraus and Petranka, 1989 (TSN 208204)","uniqueId":"ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100100","elcode":"AAAAA01170","conceptRefFullCitation":"Kraus, F., and J. W. Petranka. 1989. A new sibling species of <i>Ambystoma </i>from the Ohio River drainage. Copeia 1989:94-110.","conceptName":"<i>Ambystoma barbouri</i>","taxonomicComments":"Formerly included in <i>A. texanum</i> (Kraus and Petranka 1989).","roundedGRank":"G3","conservationStatusFactorsEditionDate":"2025-05-11","conservationStatusFactorsEditionAuthors":"Gundy, R. L (2025)","primaryCommonNameLanguage":"EN","recordType":"SPECIES","elementNationals":[{"elementNationalId":162738,"classifConfidence":null,"nation":{"id":225,"nameEn":"United States","nameEs":"Estados Unidos","nameFr":"États-Unis","isoCode":"US","region":"United States"},"roundedNRank":"N4","elementSubnationals":[{"elementSubnationalId":389960,"subnation":{"id":50,"nameEn":"Tennessee","nameEs":"Tennessee","nameFr":"Tennessee","subnationCode":"TN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":389960,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":292201,"subnation":{"id":58,"nameEn":"West Virginia","nameEs":"Virginia Occidental","nameFr":"Virginie-Occidentale","subnationCode":"WV","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S1","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S1","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":292201,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":355045,"subnation":{"id":20,"nameEn":"Indiana","nameEs":"Indiana","nameFr":"Indiana","subnationCode":"IN","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S3","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S3","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":355045,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":382312,"subnation":{"id":42,"nameEn":"Ohio","nameEs":"Ohio","nameFr":"Ohio","subnationCode":"OH","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"SNR","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"SNR","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":382312,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}},{"elementSubnationalId":316666,"subnation":{"id":22,"nameEn":"Kentucky","nameEs":"Kentucky","nameFr":"Kentucky","subnationCode":"KY","dnationId":225},"roundedSRank":"S5","dataSensitive":{"id":2,"dataSensitiveDescEn":"No","dataSensitiveDescEs":null,"dataSensitiveDescFr":null,"dataSensitiveCode":"N"},"dataSensitiveCategory":null,"srank":"S5","speciesSubnational":{"elementSubnationalId":316666,"hybrid":false,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"nrankReviewYear":1996,"nrank":"N4","speciesNational":{"elementNationalId":162738,"exotic":false,"native":true}}],"lastModified":"2026-10-02T21:32:36.601996Z","lastPublished":"2026-10-02T21:32:08.892226Z","promotionalDescription":null,"conceptLineageSummary":null,"nsxUrl":"/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.100100/Ambystoma_barbouri","grankAdjustmentReasons":null,"grankChangeDate":"2025-05-11","grankReviewDate":"2025-05-11","grankReasons":"This species has a restricted range in the eastern United States. It is threatened by habitat loss due to encroaching development and climate change is projected to reduce habitat suitability.","grank":"G3","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100100,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":null,"intrinsicVulnerability":null,"longTermTrend":{"id":36,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"numberEos":{"id":13,"numberEosDescEn":"81 - 300","numberEosDescEs":"De 81 a 300","numberEosDescFr":"De 81 à 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":19,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos (41-125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"Plusieurs (de 41 à 125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":10,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Several (4-12) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Unos pocos casos (4 a 12) protegidos y debidamente controlados","numberProtEosDescFr":"Quelques occurrences (de 4 à 12) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":31,"popSizeDescEn":"10,000 - 100,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":"De 10.000 a 100.000 individuos","popSizeDescFr":"De 10 000 à 100 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":30,"rangeExtentDescEn":"20,000-200,000 square km (about 8000-80,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":"De 20.000 a 200.000 kilómetros cuadrados (aproximadamente 8.000 a 80.000.000 millas cuadradas)","rangeExtentDescFr":"De 20 000 à 200 000 km carrés (de 8 000 à 80 000 000 miles carrés approximativement)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":36,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of 10-30%","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución del 10 al 30%.","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de 10 à 30 %"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"The core of the range encompasses southeastern Indiana, southwestern Ohio, and north-central Kentucky, with disjunct populations in western Kentucky, southeastern Illinois, westernmost West Virginia, and central Tennessee (Inner Nashville Basin ecological subregion of the Interior Plateau) (Kraus 1996, Scott et al. 1997, Kraus and Petranka 1998, Watson and Pauley 2005, Niemiller et al. 2006). Using Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (2025) records from 2000-2025, range extent is estimated to be 117,082 km² (RARECAT 2025).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":"Kraus (1996) mapped 80+ known collection sites, not all of which necessarily represent distinct occurrences. But surely there are many more occurrences than those mapped by Kraus (1996). Careful examination of specimens may reveal the existence of <i>barbouri </i>populations that have been previously identified as <i>Ambystoma texanum</i> (Watson and Pauley 2005).<br/><br/>In Tennessee in 2005, streamside salamanders were found at 5 of 40 surveyed localities in southern Rutherford, northern Bedford, and northeastern Marshall counties, and at only 4 of 6 previously known breeding sites (Niemiller et al. 2006).","popSizeComments":"Total adult population size is unknown but likely exceeds 10,000.","viabilityComments":"Many occurrences likely have good viability.","threatImpactComments":"Species has declined in many areas throughout its range where native forests have been destroyed and replaced with pastureland or residential areas (Petranka 1998). Bluegrass region of Kentucky is undergoing rapid urbanization and needs additional protection (Drayer et al. 2020). One of the two known populations in West Virginia may have been destroyed by development (Watson and Pauley 2005). Continued habitat fragmentation and alteration in association with urbanization in Rutherford County, Tennessee, threaten existing <i>A. barbouri</i> populations, which may represent the last remaining populations in the state (Niemiller et al. 2006). Stream drying, flooding, and predation were important sources of mortality in Kentucky (Petranka 1984, Beer et al. 2021, Lyons et al. 2023). May be restricted to upper portions of breeding streams because of fish predation (Petranka 1983).","shortTermTrendComments":"This species is continuing to decline due to ongoing threats (Drayer et al. 2020, Lyons et al. 2021).","longTermTrendComments":"This species has suffered local extirpations in parts of the range (Watson and Pauley 2005, Niemiller et al. 2006).","inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":"Most occurrences are not protected. Several populations occur within small preserves in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky (Petranka 1998). Additional protection is needed (Petranka 1998).","protectionNeeds":"More conservation lands in occupied areas are needed.","otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100100,"majorHabitat":null,"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":false,"mobilityMigrationComments":"In Kentucky, migrations to breeding streams begin in late October and continue through March (with winter lull) (Petranka 1984); overwinters close to breeding site (Kraus and Petranka 1989).","foodHabitsComments":"Adults eat terrestrial invertebrates, especially earthworms. Larvae eat aquatic invertebrates.","animalPhenologyComments":"Inactive during coldest and driest months. Larvae often active in open in breeding streams during daylight (Petranka 1983).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":null,"width":null,"weight":null,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100612,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101261,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1000,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"eoSpecGroupName":"Ambystomatid Salamanders","subtypes":null,"inferredExtentDistance":0.3,"inferredExtentNotes":"Inferred extent distance pertains to breeding sites (with the center of the circle in the center of the breeding site). Most ambystomatids stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool (see separation justification section).","minimumEoCriteria":"Occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence, or current and likely recurring presence, at a given location. Such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals (including larvae or eggs) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and  breeding.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"Heavily traveled road, especially at night during salamander breeding season, such that salamanders almost never successfully traverse the road; road with a barrier that is impermeable to salamanders; wide, fast rivers; areas of intensive development dominated by buildings and pavement.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":1.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":3.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"BARRIERS/UNSUITABLE HABITAT: Rivers may or may not be effective barriers, depending on stream width and hydrodynamics; identification of streams as barriers is a subjective determination. Bodies of water dominated by predatory fishes have been described as barriers but probably should be regarded as unsuitable habitat. For A. barbouri, a stream-pool breeder, predatory fishes appeared to act as a barrier to larval dispersal and gene flow for populations separated by as little as 500-1000 m (Storfer 1999). Highly disturbed land, such as the cleared and bedded soils of some silvicultural site preparation, may serve as an impediment to movement of A. cingulatum (Means et al. 1996), although Ashton (1998) noted the species' use of pine plantations, pastures, and three-year-old clearcuts. Such areas should be treated as unsuitable habitat rather than barriers. <br><br>MOVEMENTS: Palis's (1997b) suggested use of 3.2 km between breeding sites to distinguish breeding populations of A. cingulatum was based on Ashton's (1992) finding that individuals may move as much as 1.6 km from their breeding ponds. Ambystoma californiense sometimes migrates up to 2 km between breeding ponds and terrestrial habitat (see USFWS 2004). Funk and Dunlap (1999) found that A. macrodactylum managed to recolonize lakes after trout extirpation despite evidence of low levels of interpopulation dispersal. Based on a review of several Ambystoma species (e.g., Semlitsch 1981, Douglas and Monroe 1981, Kleeberger and Werner 1983, Madison 1997), Semlitsch (1998) concluded that a radius of less than 200 meters around a breeding pond would likely encompass the terrestrial habitat used by more than 95 percent of adults. Faccio's (2003) study of radio-tagged A. maculatum and A. jeffersonianum in Vermont supports this conclusion. In New York, all movements of A. tigrinum occurred in areas within 300 m of the nearest breeding pond (Madison and Farrand 1998). However, most studies of these salamanders had small sample sizes and/or were not designed to detect long-distance movements, so migration distance may be somewhat underestimated.<br><br>In summary, ambystomatid salamanders generally stay within a few hundred meters of their breeding pool. Due to high breeding site fidelity and limitation of breeding to pool basins, populations using different breeding sites exhibit little or no interbreeding among adults. Thus one might argue that each pool constitutes a separate occurrence or that the separation distance for suitable habitat should be the nominal minimum of 1 km. However, little is known about how frequently first-time (or experienced) breeders use non-natal pools (pools from which they did not originate) or how far they may move to such sites. Frequent colonization of new and remote habitats by at least some species suggests that dispersal movements sometimes may be longer than typical adult migration distances. It seems unlikely that locations separated by a gap of less than a few kilometers of suitable habitat would represent independent occurrences over the long term.","versionDate":"2004-09-10","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:15.597347Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100100,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101692,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:53.686855Z"}],"references":[{"id":108742,"citation":"Anderson, J.D. 1967. Ambystoma texanum. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 37:1-2.","shortCitationAuthor":"Anderson","shortCitationYear":1967,"referenceCode":"A67AND03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":134853,"citation":"Barbour, R. W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington. x + 334 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Barbour","shortCitationYear":1971,"referenceCode":"B71BAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153267,"citation":"Beer, M. A., R. A. Kane, S. J. Micheletti, C. P. Kozakiewicz, and A. Storfer. 2021. Landscape genomics of the streamside salamander: implications for species management in the face of environmental change. Evolutionary Applications 15: 220-236.","shortCitationAuthor":"Beer et al.","shortCitationYear":2021,"referenceCode":"A21BEE01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:52:20.260378Z"},{"id":112779,"citation":"Blackburn, L., P. Nanjappa, and M. J. Lannoo. 2001. An Atlas of the Distribution of U.S. Amphibians. Copyright, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA.","shortCitationAuthor":"Blackburn et al.","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01BLA01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:24.173666Z"},{"id":137880,"citation":"Collins, J. T. 1990. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. 3rd ed. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular No. 19. 41 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Collins","shortCitationYear":1990,"referenceCode":"B90COL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.579798Z"},{"id":943912,"citation":"Crother, B. I. (editor). 2017. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. 8th edition. SSAR Herpetological Circular 43:1-104. [Updates in SSAR North American Species Names Database at: https://ssarherps.org/cndb]","shortCitationAuthor":"Crother","shortCitationYear":2017,"referenceCode":"B17CRO01EHUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":1153265,"citation":"Drayer, A. N, J. C. Guzy, and S. J. Price. 2020. Factors influencing the occupancy and abundance of streamside salamanders (<i>Ambystoma barbouri</i>) in Kentucky streams. Journal of Herpetology 54(3): 299–305. doi: 10.1670/19-015","shortCitationAuthor":"Drayer et al.","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"A20DRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:52:20.210358Z"},{"id":1054360,"citation":"Frost, D.R. 2020. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Online: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html","shortCitationAuthor":"Frost","shortCitationYear":2020,"referenceCode":"W20FRO02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T19:41:47.447453Z"},{"id":109054,"citation":"Green, N. B., and T. K. Pauley. 1987. Amphibians and reptiles in West Virginia. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. xi + 241 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Green and Pauley","shortCitationYear":1987,"referenceCode":"B87GRE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:53.413199Z"},{"id":102409,"citation":"Holomuzki, J. R. 1989. Predation risk and macroalga use by the stream-dwelling salamander AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM. Copeia 1989:22-28.","shortCitationAuthor":"Holomuzki","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89HOL01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":133668,"citation":"Jones, T. R., A. G. Kluge, and A. J. Wolf. 1993. When theories and methodologies clash: a phylogenetic reanalysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Systematic Biology 42:92-102.","shortCitationAuthor":"Jones et al.","shortCitationYear":1993,"referenceCode":"A93JON02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":135895,"citation":"Kraus, F. 1985b. Unisexual salamander lineages in northwestern Ohio and southeastern Michigan: a study of the consequences of hybridization. Copeia 1985:309-324.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus","shortCitationYear":1985,"referenceCode":"A85KRA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":142491,"citation":"Kraus, F. 1988. An empirical evaluation of the use of the ontogeny polarization criterion in phylogenetic inference. Systematic Zoology 37:106-141.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus","shortCitationYear":1988,"referenceCode":"A88KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":100652,"citation":"Kraus, F. 1996. Ambystoma barbouri. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. 621:1-4.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":144708,"citation":"Kraus, F., and J. W. Petranka. 1989. A new sibling species of <i>Ambystoma </i>from the Ohio River drainage. Copeia 1989:94-110.","shortCitationAuthor":"Kraus and Petranka","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"A89KRA01NAUS","lastModified":"2021-06-05T02:44:08.781848Z"},{"id":1153266,"citation":"Lyons, M.P., Nikiel, C.A., LeDee, O.E., and R. Boyles. 2023, Potential effects of climate change on <i>Ambystoma barbouri</i> (streamside salamander): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1104–C, 14 p., doi: 10.3133/ofr20211104C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Lyons et al.","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23LYO02NAUS","lastModified":"2025-05-30T21:52:20.23038Z"},{"id":127198,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indiana Academy Science Monographs 3. v + 346 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":1972,"referenceCode":"B72MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":123392,"citation":"Minton, S. A., Jr. 2001. Amphibians & reptiles of Indiana. Revised second edition. Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis. xiv + 404 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Minton","shortCitationYear":2001,"referenceCode":"B01MIN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},{"id":513231,"citation":"Niemiller, M. L., B. M. Glorioso, C. Nicholas, J. Phillips, J. Rader, E. Reed, K. L. Sykes, J. Todd, G. R. Wyckoff, E. L. Young, B. T. Miller. 2006. Status and distribution of the streamside salamander, Ambystoma barbouri, in middle Tennessee. American Midland Naturalist 156:394-399.","shortCitationAuthor":"Niemiller et al.","shortCitationYear":2006,"referenceCode":"A06NIE01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":124380,"citation":"Petranka, J. W. 1983. Fish predation; a factor affecting the spatial distribution of a stream-breeding salamander. Copeia 1983:624-628.","shortCitationAuthor":"Petranka","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"A83PET03NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":143198,"citation":"Petranka, J. W. 1984a. Incubation, larval growth, and embryonic and larval survivorship of smallmouth salamanders (AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM) in streams. Copeia 1984:862-868.","shortCitationAuthor":"Petranka","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84PET01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":155114,"citation":"Petranka, J. W. 1984b. Breeding migrations, breeding season, clutch size, and oviposition of stream-breeding AMBYSTOMA TEXANUM. J. Herpetol. 18:106-112.","shortCitationAuthor":"Petranka","shortCitationYear":1984,"referenceCode":"A84PET02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":146397,"citation":"Pfingsten, R. A., and F. L. Downs, eds. 1989. Salamanders of Ohio. Bull. Ohio Biological Survey 7(2):xx + 315 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"Pfingsten and Downs","shortCitationYear":1989,"referenceCode":"B89PFI01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":121078,"citation":"Scott, A. F., B. T. Miller, M. Brown, and J. W. Petranka. 1997. Geographic distribution: AMBYSTOMA BARBOURI. Herpetological Review 28:155.","shortCitationAuthor":"Scott et al.","shortCitationYear":1997,"referenceCode":"A97SCO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":109709,"citation":"Shaffer, H. B., J. M. Clark, and F. Kraus. 1991. When molecules and morphology clash: a phylogenetic analysis of the North American ambystomatid salamanders (Caudata: Ambystomatidae). Systematic Zoology 40:284-303.","shortCitationAuthor":"Shaffer et al.","shortCitationYear":1991,"referenceCode":"A91SHA02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":111086,"citation":"Storfer, A. 1999. Gene flow and population subdivision in the streamside salamander, AMBYSTOMA BARBOURI. Copeia 1999:174-181.","shortCitationAuthor":"Storfer","shortCitationYear":1999,"referenceCode":"A99STO01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"},{"id":1113961,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; partial 90-day finding on a petition to list 404 species in the southeastern United States as threatened or endangered with critical habitat. Federal Register 76(187):59836-59862.","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2011,"referenceCode":"N11FWS17HQUS","lastModified":"2022-05-11T18:54:33.370321Z"},{"id":1132439,"citation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2023. National Listing Workplan. Online. Available: https://www.fws.gov/project/national-listing-workplan","shortCitationAuthor":"USFWS","shortCitationYear":2023,"referenceCode":"N23FWS20HQUS","lastModified":"2023-10-06T21:51:12.565113Z"},{"id":513228,"citation":"Watson, M. B., and T. K. Pauley. 2005. <i>Ambystoma barbouri</i> Kraus and Petranka, 1989. Streamside salamander. Pages 603-605 in M. Lannoo, editor. Amphibian declines: the conservation status of United States species. University of California Press, Berkeley.","shortCitationAuthor":"Watson and Kraus","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"A05WAT01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.913087Z"}],"otherCommonNames":[],"speciesGlobal":{"elementGlobalId":100100,"cites":null,"cosewic":null,"fwsRegion":null,"genusSize":{"id":4,"genusSizeDescEn":"Medium to large genus","genusSizeDescEs":"Género de mediano a grande","genusSizeDescFr":"Moyen à grand genre"},"jurisEndem":{"id":3,"jurisEndemDescEn":"endemic to a single nation","jurisEndemDescEs":"Endémico de una nación","jurisEndemDescFr":"Endémique à une nation"},"nomenclaturallyEst":null,"usesa":{"id":43,"usesaDescEn":"Under Review","usesaDescEs":null,"usesaDescFr":null,"usesaCode":"UR"},"informalTaxonomy":{"informalTaxonomyId":3,"level1":"Animals","level2":"Vertebrates","level3":"Amphibians","level":3,"hasChildren":false,"parentId":2,"distributionStatus":"complete","displayOrder":1060},"parentSpecies":null,"infraspecies":false,"kingdom":"Animalia","phylum":"Craniata","taxclass":"Amphibia","taxorder":"Caudata","family":"Ambystomatidae","genus":"Ambystoma","americanFisheriesStatus":null,"americanFisheriesStatusDate":null,"saraStatus":null,"saraStatusDate":null,"cosewicDate":null,"interpretedCosewic":null,"cosewicComments":null,"usesaDate":"2011-09-27","interpretedUsesa":null,"usesaComments":"Included as part of the USFWS partial 90-day finding on a petition to list 404 species in the southeastern United States as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (USFWS 2011). Included in the USFWS FY23-27 National Domestic Listing Workplan (April 14, 2023 version) (USFWS 2023).","completeDistribution":true,"synonyms":[],"infraspeciesList":[],"ebarId":null,"ebarCanadianScope":false,"ebarGlobalScope":false,"ebarKbaGroup":"Amphibians and Reptiles","caGeneralStatusId":null},"speciesCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100100,"reproductionComments":"Breeding season prolonged; low levels of activity from late December to early April (Kraus and Petranka 1989); usually February-March in West Virginia (Green and Pauley 1987). Larvae hatch in 29-82 days (mostly April in Kentucky, Petranka 1984). Larvae metamorphose in 7-9 weeks, May-June (mainly late June in Kentucky).","ecologyComments":null,"habitatComments":"Upland deciduous forest in regions of rolling topography; mostly in areas with limestone bedrock, a few in noncalcareous regions with sandstone and shale (Kraus and Petranka 1989). Adults usually underground, under rocks, leaves, logs, etc. Breeds most frequently in first- and second-order streams. Typically deposits eggs singly on undersides of flat rocks in pools and (less often) runs. Less frequently breeds in ponds. Most successful in streams that are seasonally ephemeral, have natural barriers (cascades, waterfalls) that prevent the upstream movement of predatory fishes, and have large flat rocks for oviposition (Kraus and Petranka 1989; see also Copeia 1992:468-473). Larvae in stream pools in Kentucky were most abundant among filamentous green alga <i>Cladophora</i>, which provides protection from predators and supports prey organisms (Holomuzki 1989).","generalDescription":"See Kraus (1996).","diagnosticCharacteristics":"See Kraus (1996).","speciesMarineHabitats":[],"speciesTerrestrialHabitats":[{"cagTerrHabId":-104325,"terrestrialHabitat":{"id":1,"terrestrialHabitatDescEn":"Forest - Hardwood","terrestrialHabitatDescEs":"Bosque - Madera dura","terrestrialHabitatDescFr":"Forêt — Feuillu","displayOrder":2}}],"speciesRiverineHabitats":[{"cagRiverineHabId":-101722,"riverineHabitat":{"id":3,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"CREEK","riverineHabitatDescEs":"ARROYO","riverineHabitatDescFr":"RUISSEAU","displayOrder":3}},{"cagRiverineHabId":-101723,"riverineHabitat":{"id":9,"riverineHabitatDescEn":"Pool","riverineHabitatDescEs":"Piscina","riverineHabitatDescFr":"Fosse","displayOrder":9}}],"speciesPalustrineHabitats":[],"speciesLacustrineHabitats":[],"speciesSubterraneanHabitats":[],"speciesEstuarineHabitats":[]},"primaryReference":{"id":1153425,"citation":"Nicholson, K. E. (ed.). 2025. Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding. Ninth Edition. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 87 pp. Online database available at: https://cnah.org/SSARnames.aspx","shortCitationAuthor":"Nicholson","shortCitationYear":2025,"referenceCode":"B25NIC01NAUS","lastModified":"2026-06-06T01:36:32.018241Z"},"predecessors":[],"elementGlobalThreatAssessments":[{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15115,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":1,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Residential & commercial development","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1 - Residential & commercial development","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15116,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":2,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"1.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Housing & urban areas","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"1.1 - Housing & urban areas","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":20,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":1,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":2,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Large: Affects most (31-70%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Large (31-70%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":8,"threatImpactCalcCd":"C","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"C = Medium","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15117,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":5,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Agriculture & aquaculture","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2 - Agriculture & aquaculture","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":50,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15118,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":6,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"2.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Annual & perennial non-timber crops","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"2.1 - Annual & perennial non-timber crops","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":60,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":5,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":3,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate: Likely to moderately degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 11-30%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate or 11-30% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15120,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":14,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Transportation & service corridors","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4 - Transportation & service corridors","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":280,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15121,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":15,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"4.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Roads & railroads","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"4.1 - Roads & railroads","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":290,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":14,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15122,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":19,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Biological resource use","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5 - Biological resource use","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":330,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":9,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate - slight","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate - slight","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15123,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":22,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"5.3","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Logging & wood harvesting","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"5.3 - Logging & wood harvesting","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":360,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":19,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":3,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted: Affects some (11-30%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted (11-30%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":3},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":9,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Moderate - slight","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Moderate - slight","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15124,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":32,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8 - Invasive & other problematic species,  genes & diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":590,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":9,"threatImpactCalcCd":"CD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"CD = Medium - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":15}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15125,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":33,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8.1","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8.1 - Invasive non-native/alien species/diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":600,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":32,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":9,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Restricted - small","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Restricted - small","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":10},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":2,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Serious: Likely to seriously degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce  population 31-70%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Serious or 31-70% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":2},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":9,"threatImpactCalcCd":"CD","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Medium - low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"CD = Medium - low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":15}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15126,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":34,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"8.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Problematic native species/diseases","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"8.2 - Problematic native species/diseases","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":610,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":32,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":10,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":11},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":10,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Unknown","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":12},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":15,"threatImpactCalcCd":"U","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Unknown","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Unknown","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":9}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15127,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":47,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Climate change & severe weather","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11 - Climate change & severe weather","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":840,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":null,"iucnThreatLevel":1},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15128,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":49,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.2","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Droughts","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.2 - Droughts","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":860,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}},{"elementGlobalThreatAssessId":15129,"iucnThreatCategory":{"id":51,"iucnThreatCategoryCd":"11.4","iucnThreatCategoryDescEn":"Storms & flooding","iucnThreatCategoryDescEs":null,"iucnThreatCategoryDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"11.4 - Storms & flooding","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":880,"iucnThreat":"Y","parentThreatId":47,"iucnThreatLevel":2},"iucnThreatScope":{"id":1,"iucnThreatScopeDescEn":"Pervasive: Affects all or most (71-100%) of the total population or occurrences or extent","iucnThreatScopeDescEs":null,"iucnThreatScopeDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Pervasive (71-100%)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"iucnThreatSeverity":{"id":4,"iucnThreatSeverityDescEn":"Slight: Likely to only slightly degrade/reduce affected occurrences or habitat, or reduce population 1-10%","iucnThreatSeverityDescEs":null,"iucnThreatSeverityDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"Slight or 1-10% pop. decline","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4},"iucnThreatTiming":{"id":1,"iucnThreatTimingDescEn":"High: Continuing","iucnThreatTimingDescEs":null,"iucnThreatTimingDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"High (continuing)","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":1},"threatImpactCalc":{"id":10,"threatImpactCalcCd":"D","threatImpactCalcDescEn":"Low","threatImpactCalcDescEs":null,"threatImpactCalcDescFr":null,"displayValueEn":"D = Low","displayValueEs":null,"displayValueFr":null,"displayOrder":4}}]}