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NON-BREEDING: at sea mainly in boreal waters (AOU 1983).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":null,"numberEosComments":null,"popSizeComments":"Estimated global population 13.0-20.7 million breeding individuals (Ainley et al. 2002): eastern Asia, 3.0-3.3 million (Kondratyev et al. 2000); western North America, 4.0-8.4 million; eastern North America, 1.2 million (Ainley et al. 2002); Greenland and Europe, 4.8-7.8 million (Nettleship and Evans 1985). Population estimates for individual colonies in western North America are presented in USFWS (2001) and Carter et al. (2001), and summarized in Ainley et al. (2002); those for eastern North America are presented in Ainley et al. (2002).<br><br>","viabilityComments":null,"threatImpactComments":"On islands off Labrador, colonizing arctic foxes eliminated breeding populations of common murres (Birkhead and Nettleship 1995). Population decline in Washington (Bayer et al. 1991) possibly has been due to the effects of increased sea surface temperatures, oil spills, gill-net mortality, and/or U.S. Navy practice bombing (see Wiulson 1991). As many as 100,000 died in spring 1993 in nearshore waters of southeastern Alaska; cause unknown, perhaps related to abnormally warm water temperatures (Pacific Seabird Group Bull., 1993). Thousands drown in gill nets off Newfoundland. Many killed in halibut fishery off central California (protective legislation enacted, King 1984).","shortTermTrendComments":"Populations in Newfoundland and Labrador increased from the 1940s to the 1970s. Eastern Canada and California populations are still low compared to earlier times (Nettleship and Evans 1985). Populations increased in the Gulf of St. Lawrence region in the 1980s (Chapdelaine and Brousseau 1992). Colony on Farallon Islands, California, decreased from 88,000 in 1982 to 37,000 in 1985 (see Spendelow and Patton 1988). See also Takekawa et al. (1990) for information on the decline in central California. Nesting colonies in Oregon (Bayer et al. 1991) have not decreased since 1979 despite persistent summer mortalities. Populations recently have declined in Washington (Bayer et al. 1991). Most Alaskan populations probably are stable, though local increases and declines have been noted (Lensink 1984).","longTermTrendComments":null,"inventoryNeeds":null,"numberProtEosComments":null,"protectionNeeds":null,"otherConsiderations":null,"intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":null,"enviromentalSpecificityComments":null},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100098,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":true,"localMigrant":true,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Breeders from Newfoundland are resident or move only short distance to south. Males from Chukchi Sea colonies in Alaska drift toward Siberia with flightless young for a few weeks before flying rapidly south to the southeastern Bering Sea. Females from these colonies fly directly to the wintering grounds (Hatch et al. 2000). Unimak Pass probably most important corridor to and from eastern Bering Sea. See Brown (1985) for discussion of movements in Old World.","foodHabitsComments":"Mysids and shrimp dominate winter diet in Alaska, mostly fish and some squid off California, mostly capelin off Newfoundland (Sanger 1987). Young fed herring, capelin, sprat, sandlance (Bradstreet and Brown 1985). Dives from surface to at least 180 m (Piatt and Nettleship 1985).","animalPhenologyComments":null,"colonialBreeder":true,"length":45,"width":null,"weight":1006,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100610,"animalPhenology":{"id":3,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Diurnal","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Diurno","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Diurne","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101257,"foodHabits":{"id":2,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Piscivore","foodHabitsDescFr":"Piscivore","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true},{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101258,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1045,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Breeding Colony, Foraging Area","inferredExtentDistance":2.0,"inferredExtentNotes":"Somewhat arbitrary, but generally very conservative for this group, many members of which travel long distances to foraging grounds.","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding , or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Map foraging areas as separate polygons if they are separated from the breeding colony by areas simply flown over on commuting routes.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":"Where colonies are closer than 5 kilometers, separate occurrences may be created if research shows little genetic mixing between colonies.","separationJustification":"Occurrences include nesting and foraging areas, but occurrence separations are based on nesting areas (i.e., distance between nesting areas, regardless of foraging locations). Hence, different occurrences may overlap.<br><br>Occurrences are not based on discrete populations or metapopulations. Instead, the separation distance is arbitrarily small such that occurrences are of of practical size for data management purposes. <br><br>Evidence from a number of species of seabirds indicates that even though the 'home ranges' of individual nesting seabirds may be immense when foraging trips are taken into account, little movement or feeding overlap may occur between nearby colonies. For example, Thick-billed Murres may commute up to 170 kilometers one way on a feeding trip from the colony, but birds from a colony only 8 kilometers away may forage in a completely different direction; even birds from different sub-colonies only 1.5 kilometers apart mostly fed in completely separate areas (Gaston and Hipfner 2000).  <br><br>Most seabirds have strong breeding site fidelity; e.g., Thick-billed Murres (Gaston and Hipfner 2000, Gaston et al. 1994), Gray-backed Tern (Mostello et al. 2000), Red-footed Booby (Schreiber et al. 1996).","versionDate":"2004-10-20","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S., and G. Hammerson","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1046,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Colonial Seabirds","subtypes":"Feeding area, Loafing site, Roosting site","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of flocks of nonbreeding birds (including historical), including nonbreeding birds within the breeding season and breeding individuals outside the breeding season; and potential recurring presence at a given location. Normally only areas where concentrations greater than 25 birds regularly occur for more than 20 days per year would be deemed EOs; the number of individuals may be reduced for very rare species. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":10.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":10.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance arbitrary; defined this small to aid in conservation planning. Sites more than 10 kilometers apart may be joined as one occurrence if research shows that predominantly the same individuals are using both sites.","versionDate":"2001-03-07","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:04:14.425472Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100098,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":null,"impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for management recommendations.","monitoringMethods":"See Wanless et al. (1988) for information on effects of radio transmitters on behavior. The period from mid-laying through hatching is best for censusing (Hatch and Hatch 1989).","managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":"See Evans and Nettleship (1985) for research recommendations.","biologicalResearchNeeds":null,"additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101690,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:53.108739Z"}],"references":[{"id":157685,"citation":"Ainley, D. G., D. N. Nettleship, H. R. Carter, and A. E. Storey. 2002. Common Murre (Uria aalge). In The birds of North America, No. 666 (A. Poole and F. Gill, editors). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. 44 pages.","shortCitationAuthor":"Ainley et al.","shortCitationYear":2002,"referenceCode":"A02AIN01NACA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:59.475593Z"},{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. 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