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bird's population is declining but its numbers are still in the 100,000s","grank":"G4","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100057,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. Généralistes ou communautés répondant à certains critères clés sont rares."},"intrinsicVulnerability":{"id":4,"intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEn":"Moderately vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescEs":"Moderadamente vulnerable","intrinsicVulnerabilityDescFr":"Moyennement vulnérable"},"longTermTrend":{"id":34,"longTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <50% to increase of <25%","longTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <50% a aumento de <25%.","longTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <50 % à augmentation de <25 %"},"numberEos":{"id":15,"numberEosDescEn":"> 300","numberEosDescEs":"> 300","numberEosDescFr":"> 300"},"numberGoodEos":{"id":20,"numberGoodEosDescEn":"Many to very many (41 to >125)","numberGoodEosDescEs":"Muchos a muy muchos (41 a >125)","numberGoodEosDescFr":"De plusieurs à beaucoup (de 41 à >125)"},"numberProtEos":{"id":15,"numberProtEosDescEn":"Very many (>40) occurrences appropriately protected and managed","numberProtEosDescEs":"Muchas ocurrencias (>40) protegidas y controladas adecuadamente","numberProtEosDescFr":"Beaucoup d’occurrences (>40) protégées et contrôlées convenablement"},"popSize":{"id":36,"popSizeDescEn":">1,000,000 individuals","popSizeDescEs":">1.000.000 de individuos","popSizeDescFr":">1 000 000 individus"},"rangeExtent":{"id":35,"rangeExtentDescEn":">2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)","rangeExtentDescEs":">2.500.000 kilómetros cuadrados (más ","rangeExtentDescFr":">2 500 000 km carrés (plus de 1 000 000 miles carrés)"},"shortTermTrend":{"id":37,"shortTermTrendDescEn":"Decline of <30% to relatively stable","shortTermTrendDescEs":"Disminución de <30% a relativamente estable","shortTermTrendDescFr":"Diminution de <30 % à relativement stable"},"threatImpactAssigned":{"id":5,"threatImpactAssignedDescEn":"High","threatImpactAssignedDescEs":"Alto","threatImpactAssignedDescFr":"Élevé"},"rangeExtentComments":"Nesting range in North America is in northwestern and northern Alaska, and Canadian arctic islands east to Ellesmere and south to southern Victoria and Southhampton islands, probably also on Adelaide Peninsula and Mansel Island; nesting also occurs in the northern Palearctic.<br><br>During the boreal winter, the range in the New World extends mainly from coastal regions of southern California, Gulf Coast and Massachusetts south to Tierra del Fuego; generally rare north of southern South America; major South American nonbreeding areas are Tierra del Fuego and Patagonian coast of Argentina, especially Bahia Lomas (Morrison and Ross 1989). New World red knots principally occupy two areas: about 100,000 birds along Atlantic coast of southern Argentina, about 10,000 along Florida Gulf Coast, with no evidence of interchange between the 2 groups (Harrington et al. 1988). In the Old World, most red knots are in southern Europe, southern Asia, Africa, and the Australasian region during the boreal winter.<br><br>Nonbreeders occasionally summer in the winter range. <br><br>Delaware Bay is the most important spring migration stopover in the eastern United States (Clark et al. 1993, Botton et al. 1994).","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"Home range sizes ranged from about  1.5 to 2.0 pairs per square kilometer for the islandica subspecies (Baker, et. al. 2013).","numberEosComments":"The global population estimate is greater than one million individuals. There should be at least 300 EOs with those population numbers (Birdlife International, 2014).","popSizeComments":"Recent global estimate of greater than 1,100,000 individuals (Birdlife International, 2014) Global population estimated to be 1,291,000 individuals (Rose and Scott 1997); North American portion is thought to be on the order of 400,000 (Morrison et al. 2001).<br><br>See also information for subspecies <i>rufa</i>.","viabilityComments":"With an estimated global population of over one million individuals (Birdlife International, 2014), there should be a minimum of 41 or more element occurrences with good viability","threatImpactComments":"Increased commercial harvest of horseshoe crabs (for use as bait in eel and conch fisheries; especially in the Delaware Bay region in the 1990s; Walls et al. 2002, Morrison et al. 2004), a reduction in horseshoe crab populations, and a consequent reduction in red knot food resources (horseshoe crab eggs), body condition during spring migration, and annual survival (Baker et al. 2004) are major concerns for population that migrate along the U.S. Atlantic coast (Gonz lez et al. 2006, Niles et al. 2007).<br><br>Actions to conserve horseshoe crabs have included reduced harvest quotas, more efficient use of crabs as bait, closure of the harvest in certain seasons and places, and the designation of a sanctuary off the mouth of Delaware Bay (Niles et al. 2007). The latest information is that the crab population may have stabilized, but there is no evidence of recovery (Niles et al. 2007).","shortTermTrendComments":"The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable and others have unknown trends (Birdlife International, 2014).","longTermTrendComments":"Population trend estimates at Delaware Bay and eastern Canadian migration stopover sites for subspecies <i>rufa</i> have been consistently negative over the past several decades, though some of the decline data were not statistically significant (Howe et al. 1989, Clark et al. 1993, Morrison et al. 1994, Morrison, Aubry et al. 2001). <br><br>Recent population surveys showed a dramatic decline of the population that winters primarily in South America (main wintering areas on the coasts of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Argentina and Chile, corresponding with subspecies <i>rufa</i>, which comprises a portion of the North American nesting population) (Gonz lez et al. 2004, Morrison et al. 2004). Totals in 2003 were about 30,000 compared to 67,500 in the mid-1980s. Numbers at the principal wintering site, Bahia Lomas, fell by approximately 50%, from 45,300 in 2000 to 22,000-25,000 in 2002-2003. Numbers at peripheral sites on the coast of Patagonia declined dramatically, decreasing 98% compared to numbers in the mid-1980s. The declines at core sites did not result from a shift of birds within the known wintering (or other) areas, but reflected a general population decline, with most birds now restricted to key sites in Tierra del Fuego (Morrison et al. 2004). These data do not include red knot populations that nest: (1) in the northeastern Canadian arctic (i.e., Queen Elizabeth Islands, Ellesmere Island) or Greenland, which winter in the Old World (<i>C. c. islandica</i>), (2) in northwestern Alaska and Wrangel Island (subspecies <i>roselaari</i>; winter range poorly documented, may include the Pacific coasts of North, Central, and South America, the northern tropical Atlantic coast of South America, the Texas coast, and Florida), or (3) in the Palearctic. <br><br>Subspecies <i>roselaari </i>breeds in Alaska and is presumed to include those knots that winter on the Pacific coast of the U.S. and Mexico (Niles et al. 2007). Two other red knot wintering populations of uncertain subspecific status exist in the Western Hemisphere: one in the southeastern United States (about 7,000 birds) and one on the north coast of Brazil (about 7,500 birds); these populations apparently have not suffered the same catastrophic decline as has occurred in the <i>rufa </i>population that winters in Tierra del Fuego (Niles et al. 2007).<br><br><i>Calidris c. islandica</i> populations increased from the late 1970s until 2000; steep decrease since 2000 (Delany and Scott 2002).<br><br>Use of Massachusetts Bay as a migration stop evidently has declined from the historical situation (Harrington 2001).","inventoryNeeds":"More effort is needed to locate other wintering populations of this bird in South America.","numberProtEosComments":"Estimate.  With an estimated global population of over one million individuals (Birdlife International, 2014), there should be a minimum of 41 or more element occurrences with good viability","protectionNeeds":"Protect the wintering and migration sites that are important to all the various subspecies of this bird.","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"This species is a full long-distance migrant that utilizes only a few stopover sites or staging area, making it vulnerable to disturbances and modifications at those specific sites (Birdlife International, 2014)","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Typical shorebird requirements of nesting in the high Arctic and use of relatively undisturbed sandy beaches and tidal flats during the winter season"},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100057,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Red knots migrate long distances between nesting areas in mid- and high arctic latitudes and southern nonbreeding habitats as far north as the coastal United States (low numbers) and southward to southern South America, and to southern Asia, Africa, and Australasian region. Subspecies <i>rufa </i>migrates from nesting areas in the central Canadian Arctic to wintering grounds at the southern tip of South America.. Subspecies <i>islandica </i>breeds in the northeastern Canadian High Arctic and Greenland and migrates to wintering areas in Europe. Subspecies <i>roselaari </i>breeds in Alaska and on Wrangel Island and is thought to comprise the population wintering in Florida and on coastlines of the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and northern South America (Piersma and Davidson 1992, Harrington 2001).<br><br>Red knots migrate in large flocks northward through the contiguous United States mainly April-June, southward July-October (Bent 1927). Arrival in breeding areas occurs in late May or early June; most have departed breeding areas by mid-August. The species is more abundant in migration along the U.S. Atlantic coast than on the Pacific coast. Knots that visit Delaware Bay in spring come mostly from South America, and these have strong fidelity to migration stopover sites; those that winter in Florida are underrepresented during migration in New Jersey and Massachusetts. Migration through Costa Rica occurs late August-October and mainly mid-March to late April (Stiles and Skutch 1989). This species typically makes long flights between stops (Hayman et al. 1986). See Piersma and Davidson (1992) for information on knot migration.","foodHabitsComments":"Eats mainly mollusks, eggs of crab and horseshoe crab, insects, some seeds and small fishes; pecks and snatches at sand or mud, or probes. Horseshoe crab eggs are an important source of food for north-bound migrants at Delaware Bay (Botton et al. 1994).","animalPhenologyComments":"See Robert et al. (1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":27,"width":null,"weight":148,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100585,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101225,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1211,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Breeding Site, Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":1.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a smaller 'typical' home ranges (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas of nesting adults and broods. Because separations are based on nesting areas, the foraging areas of different occurrences may overlap if nesting birds are traveling to distant places to feed.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance pertains specifically to nesting areas, not to locations of dispersed foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. <br /><br />The separation distance is an arbitrary value; it is impractical to attempt to delineate shorebird occurrences on the basis of dispersal patterns or metapopulation dynamics. Foraging ranges of some nesting shorebird species (see following) may suggest use of a larger separation distance, but this likely would result in occurrences that are too large and less effective for conservation planning. <br /><br />Separation distance based on larger 'typical' breeding home ranges with diameters of 1.5 to 3 kilometers. Semipalmated Plovers have breeding home ranges up to 3 square kilometers, i.e. a diameter of just under 2 kilometers (Nol and Blanken 1999). Red-necked Phalaropes have a core home range of 1-3 hectares, but occasionally travel 1.5 kilometers to feed (Rubega et al. 2000). Stilt Sandpipers can forage up to 8 kilometers from nest (Jehl 1973). Mountain Plovers have an average home range of 56.6 hectares (Knopf 1996) but broods typically move 1-2 kilometers shortly after hatching (Knopf and Rupert 1996).<br /><br />Territories: Common Snipe, 6.4-28.6 hectares (Mueller 1999); Long-billed Dowitcher, 100-300 meter diameter (Johnsgard 1981); golden-plovers, average 10-59 hectares (Johnson and Connors 1996); Long-billed Curlew, 6-20 hectares (Johnsgard 1981). <br /><br />Nesting densities: Black-bellied Plover, 0.3-2.3 pairs per square kilometer (44 ha per pair at latter density; Hussell and Page 1976, Parmelee et al. 1967); Marbled Godwit, maximum density 1 pair/32 hectares (Stewart and Kantrud 1972). <br /><br />Foraging distances: Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, up to 13 kilometers from nest (Elphick and Tibbits 1998, Tibbits and Moskoff 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:31:48.154475Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1212,"locationUseClass":{"id":3,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Nonbreeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"No reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Non-reproduction","displayOrder":3},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Roost, Winter Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of wintering flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat. Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 20 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of manageable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"S. Cannings","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-12-05T01:31:48.154475Z"},{"eoSpecsDetailId":1213,"locationUseClass":{"id":4,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Migratory stopover","locationUseClassDescEs":"Parada migratoria","locationUseClassDescFr":"Halte migratoire","displayOrder":5},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Foraging concentration area, Roost","inferredExtentDistance":null,"inferredExtentNotes":null,"minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of recurring presence of migrating flocks (including historical); and potential recurring presence at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of 25 birds in appropriate habitat (minimum can be reduced in the case of rarer species). Occurrences should be locations where the species is resident for some time during the appropriate season; it is preferable to have observations documenting presence over at least 7 days annually. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single events.","mappingGuidance":null,"separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance somewhat arbitrary; set at 5 kilometers to define occurrences of managable size for conservation purposes. Occurrences defined primarily on the basis of areas supporting concentrations of foraging or roosting birds, rather than on the basis of distinct populations.","versionDate":"2002-04-15","versionAuthor":"Cannings, S.","versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-04-30T02:03:41.534695Z"}],"plantCharacteristics":null,"elementManagement":{"elementGlobalId":100057,"eoManagementGroupName":null,"stewardshipOverview":"See information for subspecies <i>rufa</i>.","impacts":null,"restorationPotential":null,"siteConservationPlansConsidered":null,"managementMethods":null,"monitoringMethods":null,"managementProgramContacts":null,"monitoringProgramContacts":null,"managementResearchPrograms":null,"managementResearchNeeds":null,"biologicalResearchNeeds":"Demographic modeling of wintering birds is needed in the other subspecies of canuta besides just rufa (Baker, et. al. 2013).","additionalTopics":null},"occurrenceViabilities":[{"eoRankSpecsDetailId":101651,"eoRankSpecsGroupName":null,"locationUseClass":{"id":1,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Not applicable","locationUseClassDescEs":"No se aplica","locationUseClassDescFr":"Sans objet","displayOrder":1},"excellentViability":null,"goodViability":null,"fairViability":null,"poorViability":null,"viabilityJustification":"Use the Generic Guidelines for the Application of Occurrence Ranks (2008).<br>The Key for Ranking Species Occurrences Using the Generic Approach provides a step-wise process for implementing this method.","versionDate":null,"versionAuthor":null,"versionNotes":null,"lastModified":"2020-05-14T02:14:42.67104Z"}],"references":[{"id":153779,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1983. Check-list of North American Birds, 6th edition. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas. 877 pp.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1983,"referenceCode":"B83AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.689104Z"},{"id":134424,"citation":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in <i>The Auk</i>]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/.","shortCitationAuthor":"American Ornithologists' Union (AOU)","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"B98AOU01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.673494Z"},{"id":512895,"citation":"Atkinson, P. W., A. J. Baker, R. M. Bevan, N. A. Clark, K. B. Cole, P. M. Gonzalez, J. Newton, L. J. Niles, and R. A. Robinson. 2005. Unravelling the migration and moult strategies of a long-distance migrant using stable isotopes: Red Knot <i>Calidris canutus</i> movements in the Americas. Ibis 147:738-749.","shortCitationAuthor":"Atkinson et al.","shortCitationYear":2005,"referenceCode":"A05ATK0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:52.522349Z"},{"id":643153,"citation":"Baker, A. J., P. M. González, T. Piersma, L. J. Niles, I.L.S. do Nascimento, P. W. Atkinson, N. A. Clark, C.D.T. Minton, M. K. Peck, and G. Aarts. 2004. Rapid population decline in red knots: fitness consequences of decreased refuelling rates and late arrival in Delaware Bay. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271:875-882.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"A04BAK02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:52.522349Z"},{"id":762111,"citation":"Baker, Allan, Patricia Gonzalez, R.I.G. Morrison, and Brian A. Harrington. 2013. Red Knot (<i>Calidris canutus</i>). The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca. Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online:  http://bna.birds.cornell.edu.bnaproxy.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/563a/doi:10.2173/bna.563.","shortCitationAuthor":"Baker et al.","shortCitationYear":2013,"referenceCode":"N13BAK01HQUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:52.522349Z"},{"id":106403,"citation":"Bent, A.C. 1927. Life histories of North American shorebirds (Part I). U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 142, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Bent","shortCitationYear":1927,"referenceCode":"B27BEN01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.861079Z"},{"id":463505,"citation":"BirdLife International. 2004b. Threatened birds of the world 2004. CD ROM. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.","shortCitationAuthor":"BirdLife International","shortCitationYear":2004,"referenceCode":"N04BIR0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:12.704742Z"},{"id":762528,"citation":"BirdLife International. (2013-2014). IUCN Red List for birds. 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Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.","shortCitationAuthor":"Braun et al.","shortCitationYear":2000,"referenceCode":"N00BRA0100LA","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:18.84546Z"},{"id":110472,"citation":"Carter, M., C. Hunter, D. Pashley, and D. Petit. 1998. The Watch List. Bird Conservation, Summer 1998:10.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carter et al.","shortCitationYear":1998,"referenceCode":"A98CAR01NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T14:38:15.032881Z"},{"id":106802,"citation":"Carter, M., G. Fenwick, C. Hunter, D. Pashley, D. Petit, J. Price, and J. Trapp. 1996. Watchlist 1996: For the future. Field Notes 50(3):238-240.","shortCitationAuthor":"Carter et al.","shortCitationYear":1996,"referenceCode":"A96CAR02NAUS","lastModified":"2020-02-25T18:11:52.522349Z"},{"id":158841,"citation":"Castro, I. and A. Phillips. 1996. A guide to the birds of the Galapagos Islands. 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