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nesting range in North America; large population size; some evidence indicates declining abundance; better information on trend and threats is needed.","grank":"G5","rankInfo":{"elementGlobalId":100017,"aooPercentGood":null,"enviromentalSpecificity":{"id":8,"enviromentalSpecificityDescEn":"Moderate.  Generalist or community with some key requirements scarce.","enviromentalSpecificityDescEs":"Moderado.  Generalista o comunidad con algunos requisitos claves escasos.","enviromentalSpecificityDescFr":"Modéré. 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During the nonbreeding season, this species occurs mainly from the southern United States (Texas, Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina) south through Middle America, West Indies (present all year in Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands), and South America (to Tierra del Fuego); the major coastal nonbreeding areas in South America are the Guyanas, especially Suriname (Morrison and Ross 1989); uncommon but regular in Hawaii. Nonbreeders may summer in the winter range.","areaOfOccupancy":null,"areaOfOccupancyComments":"With an estimated global population of half a million, area of occupancy should be much greater than 20,000 kilometers.","numberEosComments":"This species is represented by a large number of occurrences (subpopulations).  Population estimates for the 2000 - 2005 timeframe is about 400,000 individuals (Morrison, et. al. 2006).","popSizeComments":"Global population estimated at 500,000 individuals (range 300,000-800,000; Morrison et al. 2001, Sinclair et al. 2004).","viabilityComments":"The distribution of this species across northern Canada and Alaska should provide a substantial number of good EOs.","threatImpactComments":"Potential or localized threats include habitat degradation on breeding and wintering grounds, exposure to contaminants, and sport hunting.<br><br>DEGRADATION OF HABITAT: In some areas this species is threatened by habitat loss from development (e.g., wetland drainage) or alteration as a result of road construction or agricultural practices. However, this species will nest along seismic lines, in agricultural fields, and along roadsides, suggesting it can adapt to habitat change (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999). Many wetlands along migratory routes and wintering areas were destroyed or manipulated in the early 1900s; wooded wetland habitats in Central and South American wintering range continue to be altered and lost at considerable rates (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999).<br><br>CONTAMINATION: Birds may be exposed to oil, pesticides, and other contaminants in estuaries, flooded agricultural fields, and sewage lagoon habitats (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999). During a five-year study (1967-1971) on the effects of the organochlorine aldrin on rice fields in the Texas Gulf coast, twelve birds were found dead of aldrin-dieldrin poisoning. Tissues collected from several birds near Corpus Christi, Texas contained relatively high levels of selenium. Elevated levels of the organochlorine DDE were found in tissues of migrant birds collected in Peru, Ecuador and Costa Rica (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999). <br><br>HUNTING: During the early twentieth century, lesser yellowlegs was a popular game species; large numbers were harvested at many migration and wintering sites (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999). After the passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1927), shorebird hunting declined throughout North America; however, as recently as 1991, several thousand lesser yellowlegs were still being shot annually by sport hunters in Barbados; a few birds were shot illegally each fall (1976-1989) at a site in British Columbia; and several recent observations of crippled birds or birds missing feet and legs in Alaska and British Columbia may be attributed to hunting (Senner and Howe 1984, Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999).","shortTermTrendComments":"Information on trends is mixed. A significant decline (-17.1% per year, P < 0.00, n = 29 routes) was recorded between 1980 and 2004 along Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) routes throughout North America (Canada, the conterminous U.S., and Alaska) (Sauer et al. 2005). However, the BBS is not an ideal survey method for this species. Migration counts from Ontario also indicate a downward trend; between 1976 and 1997, the annual rate of change for lesser yellowlegs migrating through eastern Canada was -7.13% (P < 0.13, n = 22; Ross et al. 2001). In contrasts, Christmas Bird Count data suggest an increase (1959-1988) in the U.S. wintering population, particularly in Florida (see Sauer et al. 1996 in Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999). Trends for wintering populations outside the United States are unknown (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999).  The latest 10-year period for BBS (2002 - 2012) has a 1.19% annual decline (Sauer, et. al. 2014).","longTermTrendComments":"Historically this species was much more abundant prior to exploitation through sport hunting during the late 1800s into the early twentieth century (Bent 1927), although this trend was likely only a local phenomenon.  Birdlife International (2014) has noted an almost 95% decline in North American over the last 40 years, alhtough this data represents less than 50% of the species range in North America.","inventoryNeeds":"Standardized programs to monitor population size should be established and/or continued at representative breeding, migration, and wintering areas (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999).  The accuracy of BBS trend data for detecting Lesser Yellowlegs population trends should be evaluated. Important migratory stopover and wintering areas used by specific populations need to be identified; fidelity to these sites should be determined (Tibbitts and Moskoff 1999).","numberProtEosComments":"Numerous sites important to this species are protected at some level in their respective countries (e.g. state, federal, private). Many are designated sites in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN). Several other sites that support relatively high numbers during migration and winter currently have little or no official protection (Tibbitts and Moskoff, 1999).","protectionNeeds":"None other than appropriate management of the habitats upon which this species is dependent.","otherConsiderations":"None","intrinsicVulnerabilityComments":"There is little evidence that this species has any vulnerability that is faced by almost all animals (e.g., climate change, habitat destruction, development)","enviromentalSpecificityComments":"Breeding in the high northern latitudes represent a key requirement that may be threatened long-term."},"animalCharacteristics":{"elementGlobalId":100017,"majorHabitat":{"id":3,"majorHabitatDescEn":"Terrestrial","majorHabitatDescEs":"Terrestre","majorHabitatDescFr":"Terrestre"},"nonMigrant":false,"localMigrant":false,"longDistanceMigrant":true,"mobilityMigrationComments":"Migrates regularly throughout North America south of breeding range and eastward (AOU 1983). Seen along U.S. coast during northward migration in April-May; in Canada, migrates primarily through interior in spring (Godfrey 1986). In fall many migrate farther east than they do in spring, reaching eastern Canada and Atlantic states; some of these may then fly nonstop to South America (see Johnson and Herter 1989). Southward migration begin early July, continues into October (Hayman et al. 1986). Migrates through Costa Rica August to mid-October and March-early May (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Reaches South America by early August, most depart by mid-April (Hilty and Brown 1986).","foodHabitsComments":"Feeds mainly on insects (e.g. beetles, dragonfly nymphs, grasshoppers, flys, etc) small crustaceans, bloodworms, spiders, and some small fishes. Forages by snatching prey with bill.","animalPhenologyComments":"Foraged with comparable frequency during day and night in northeastern Venezuela (Robert et al. 1989).","colonialBreeder":false,"length":27,"width":null,"weight":81,"animalPhenologies":[{"animalCagPhenologyId":100548,"animalPhenology":{"id":2,"animalPhenologyDescEn":"Circadian","animalPhenologyDescEs":"Circadiano","animalPhenologyDescFr":"Circadien","displayOrder":2},"adult":true,"immature":true}],"animalFoodHabits":[{"animalCagFoodHabitsId":101175,"foodHabits":{"id":3,"foodHabitsDescEn":"Invertivore","foodHabitsDescEs":"Invertívoro","foodHabitsDescFr":"Invertivore","displayOrder":3},"adult":true,"immature":true}]},"occurrenceDelineations":[{"eoSpecsDetailId":1211,"locationUseClass":{"id":2,"locationUseClassDescEn":"Breeding","locationUseClassDescEs":"En reproducción","locationUseClassDescFr":"Reproduction","displayOrder":2},"eoSpecGroupName":"Shorebirds","subtypes":"Breeding Site, Feeding Area","inferredExtentDistance":1.5,"inferredExtentNotes":"Based on a smaller 'typical' home ranges (see Separation Justification).","minimumEoCriteria":"Evidence of historical breeding, or current and likely recurring breeding, at a given location, minimally a reliable observation of one or more breeding pairs in appropriate habitat. Be cautious about creating EOs for observations that may represent single breeding events outside the normal breeding distribution.","mappingGuidance":"Breeding occurrences include nesting areas as well as foraging areas of nesting adults and broods. Because separations are based on nesting areas, the foraging areas of different occurrences may overlap if nesting birds are traveling to distant places to feed.","separationBarriers":"None.","separationDistanceUnsuitableHabitatat":5.0,"separationDistanceSuitableHabitatat":5.0,"altSeparationProcedure":null,"separationJustification":"Separation distance pertains specifically to nesting areas, not to locations of dispersed foraging individuals. For example, nesting areas separated by a gap of more than 5 km are different occurrences, regardless of the foraging locations of individuals from those nesting areas. <br /><br />The separation distance is an arbitrary value; it is impractical to attempt to delineate shorebird occurrences on the basis of dispersal patterns or metapopulation dynamics. Foraging ranges of some nesting shorebird species (see following) may suggest use of a larger separation distance, but this likely would result in occurrences that are too large and less effective for conservation planning. <br /><br />Separation distance based on larger 'typical' breeding home ranges with diameters of 1.5 to 3 kilometers. Semipalmated Plovers have breeding home ranges up to 3 square kilometers, i.e. a diameter of just under 2 kilometers (Nol and Blanken 1999). Red-necked Phalaropes have a core home range of 1-3 hectares, but occasionally travel 1.5 kilometers to feed (Rubega et al. 2000). Stilt Sandpipers can forage up to 8 kilometers from nest (Jehl 1973). Mountain Plovers have an average home range of 56.6 hectares (Knopf 1996) but broods typically move 1-2 kilometers shortly after hatching (Knopf and Rupert 1996).<br /><br />Territories: Common Snipe, 6.4-28.6 hectares (Mueller 1999); Long-billed Dowitcher, 100-300 meter diameter (Johnsgard 1981); golden-plovers, average 10-59 hectares (Johnson and Connors 1996); Long-billed Curlew, 6-20 hectares (Johnsgard 1981). <br /><br />Nesting densities: Black-bellied Plover, 0.3-2.3 pairs per square kilometer (44 ha per pair at latter density; Hussell and Page 1976, Parmelee et al. 1967); Marbled Godwit, maximum density 1 pair/32 hectares (Stewart and Kantrud 1972). <br /><br />Foraging distances: Greater and Lesser Yellowlegs, up to 13 kilometers from nest (Elphick and Tibbits 1998, Tibbits and Moskoff 1999).","versionDate":"2004-03-25","versionAuthor":"Hammerson, G., and S. 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